
CopigM - 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



GOVERNMENTS 

THE WORLD; 

AN OUTLINE VIEW 

OF THE 

RULING POWER OF EVERY COUNTRY. 

GIVING A TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE REIGNING PO- 
TENTATES OF GOVERNMENTS, WITH HISTORICAL 
DATA OF THE FORMATION, NATURE, 
AND CONSTITUTIONAL FEAT- 
URES OF EACH. 

%( J 

W. H. F. HENRY, 

AtTTHOB OF THE " NORMAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," 

"ARITHMETICAL ANALYSES," "MANUAL OF 

PARLIAMENTARY LAW," ETC. 



INDIANAPOLIS,' INDIANA : 
J. E. SHEEKILL, PUBLISHER 

1884. 



"31 



COPYRIGHT BY 

•J. E. SHEBRILL. 
1884. 



CARLON 4 HOLLENBECK, 
PRINTERS AND BINDERS, 
INDIANAPOLIS. 



(2) 



PREFACE. 



This little work is the product of much research and labor 
of investigation. 

All the existing Governments of the world are herein ap- 
propriately classified, and their peculiar characteristics de- 
lineated. 

Here may he found, in small compass, a fund of informa- 
tion that could otherwise be obtained only by patient and 
industrious searching of records, both foreign and domestic. 

After the General Classification of Governments in each 
of the Grand Divisions, as to Republics, Kingdoms, and 
Empires, the form of government in each country is sepa- 
rately considered, as to Name and Title of Ruler, Name 
and Title of State Minister, Name and Title of U. S. Min- 
ister Abroad, Name and Title of Foreign Minister in United 
States. 

Colonial Governments are also properly classified, and 
their subordination indicated. 

Some notice is also made of Tribal Governments. 

(3) 



The various Outlines are made sufficiently comprehen- 
sive, and embrace, in one view, the sovereign power of every 
country. 

The author has labored with due care to give correct data 
in every instance, that the work may be a reliable source of 
reference. 

Believing that his little work will prove to be useful to 
some and interesting to many, he submits it to the public. 

W. H. F. HENRY. 

January, 1884. 



CONTENTS. 

(For Alphabetical Index, see end of book.) 
SECTION I. 

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. 

Page. 

I. Republics of the World: In North America; in South 
America ; in Central America ; in West Indies ; in Eu- 
rope ; in Africa . . ■ 9 

II, Kingdoms of the Would : In Europe ; in Asia ; in Africa ; 

in Oceania 10 

III. Empires of the World: In South America; in Europe; 

in Asia ; in Africa 11 

IV. Tribal Governments : In Asia ; in Africa . . .11 
V. Colonial. Governments: In North America; in South 

America; in Central America ; in West Indies; in Eu- 
rope ; in Asia ; in Oceania 13-14 

SECTION II. 

SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION. 
REPUBLICS. 
I. In North America : United States ; Mexico . . . .14 
LT. In South America : Argentine Confederation ; Bolivia ; 
Chili ; Colombia ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Uruguay ; Venezu- 
ela; Ecuador 18 

ITT. In Central America : Guatemala ; Costa Rica ; San Sal- 
vador; Honduras; Nicaragua 27 

IV. In West Indies : Hayti ; Santo Domingo . . . .32 
V. In Europe : France ; Switzerland : Republic of Andora ; 

Republic of San Marino 34 

VI. In Africa : Liberia ; The Orange River Free State ; The 

Transvaal Republic ....... 38 

SECTION III. 

specific classification — ( Continued. ) 

KINGDOMS. 
I. In Europe; Belgium; Denmark: Great Britain and Ire- 
land ; Italy ; Netherlands (Holland) ; Portugal ; Spain ; 
Sweden and Norway; Greece; Servia, Roumania and 
Montenegro 40 



6 CONTENTS. 

Page. 
II. In Asia: Indo-China; Burmah, or Ava; Siam; Anam . 52 
HI. In Africa: Abyssinia; Madagascar; Ashantee: Dahomy 52 

IV. In Oceania : Hawaiian Islands 56 

SECTION IV. 
specific classification — ( Continued.) 

EMPIRES. 

I. In South America: Brazil , . 57 

II. In Europe : Germany ; Austria-Hungary ; Russia ; Turkey- 

in-Europe 59 

HI. In Asia : China ; Japan ; Turkey-in-Asia (with Arabia) ; 

Turkestan; Persia 65 

TV. In Africa: Morocco 68 

SECTION V. 

specific classification — ( Continued.) 

TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS. 

I. In Asia: Southern Arabia; Afghanistan and Beloochistan G9 
H. In Africa : The Sahara 69 

SECTION VI. 

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. 
I. In North America : Greenland and Iceland ; Dominion of 

Canada; Newfoundland 71 

H. In South America : British Guiana, or Demerara ; French 

Guiana, or Cayenne ; Dutch Guiana, or Surinam . 72 
HI. In Central America : The Balize, or British Honduras . 72 
TV. In West Indies : Greater Antilles ; Lesser Antilles ; The 

Bahamas ; The Bermudas 73 

V. In Europe: Gibraltar; Malta; Corsica; The Balearic Isles ; 

Bulgaria .74 

VI. a In Asia : Hindostan ; British Burmah ; Ceylon ; Hong- 
Kong, Aden , Singapore ; Malacca ; Lower Cochin China ; 
Asiatic Russia 76 

VII. In Africa : Egypt ; Tunis ; Tripoli ; Barca ; Cape Colony ; 
Sierra Leone ; Gold Coast ; Natal : St. Helena ; Ascen- 
sion ; Mauritius ; Algeria ; Spanish Africa ; Portuguese 
Africa 78 

Vm. In Oceania : Java ; Borneo ; Sumatra ; Ceylon ; Moluccas : 
New Guinea, or Papua; British Oceania; Spanish 
Oceania; New Caledonia 82 



GOVERNMENTS 

OF 

THE WORLD. 



SECTION I. 

GENEKAL CLASSIFICATION. 

Government is thatsystem according to which a country 
is ruled. Savage and barbarous tribes either have no gov- 
ernment at all, or are ruled by chiefs whose will is law. 
Among civilized and half-civilized nations the prevailing 
forms of government are the Monarchy and the Kepublic. 

A Monarchy is a government in which the highest power 
is held by one person for life. 

Kinds. — Monarchies are called Hereditary, when the power 
descends from father to son ; Elective, when the monarch is- 
chosen by some body of electors. 

There are also Absolute monarchies, or Despotisms, in which 
the monarch's power is unrestrained ; and Limited, or Con- 
stitutional monarchies, in which his power is restricted by a 
constitution or laws. In the Eastern Continent, the gov- 

(7) 



8 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

ernments are mostly monarchies ; limited, if the people are 
civilized — absolute, if they are not. 

Names. — Monarchies and their rulers have certain specific 
names. A Kingdom is a monarchy under a King (or if the 
sovereign is a woman, a Queen). An Empire is a monarchy 
(usually large, or composed of different States) under an 
Emperor or Empress. The ruler receives various titles in 
different countries, as emperor or empress, king or queen, czar, 
sultan, shah, khedive, and mikado. The Prince rules a Princi- 
pality ; the Duke, a Duchy ; the Grand Duke, a Grand Duchy.; 
the Elector, an Electorate. 

Nearly all the Governments of the Old World are mon- 
archical. 

A Republic is a government in which the laws are made 
by representatives of the people, and executed by officers 
elected by the people. The chief officer of a republic is a 
President. 

All the countries of the Western Continent, except Bra- 
zil, are republics, though there are various colonial posses- 
sions subject to monarchical rule. 



(I.) REPUBLICS OF THE WORLD. 



r North Ameeica. 



•{I 



United States. 
2. Mexico. 



South Ameeica 



Centeal Ameeica, 



'1. Argentine Confederation.* 

2. Bolivia. 

3. Chili. 

4. Colombia. 
. \ 5. Paraguay. 

6. Peru. 

7. Uruguay. 

8. Venezuela. 
^9. Ecuador. 

1. Guatemala. 

2. Costa Pica. 

3. San Salvador. 

4. Honduras (with Balize). 

5. Nicaragua. 



I 



W ES xI SMES .. . .{1; f^omingo.} 



1. France. 

2. Switzerland. 

3. Andorra (in Spain). 

fc; [4. San Marino (in Italy). 



1. Liberia (Negroes from U. S.) 

2. Orange Eiver Free State. 

3. Transvaal Pepublic. 

* The sovereignty over Patagonia is claimed by the Argentine Re- 
public, though the narrow tract of country at the western base of 
the Patagonian Andes belongs nominally to Chili. 

(9) 



EUROPE . 



(II.) KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD. 



\ 1. Belgium. 

2. Denmark. 

3. Great Britain (and Ireland). 

4. Italy. 

5. Netherlands (Holland). 

6. Portugal. 

7. Spain. 

8. Norway and Sweden. 

9. Greece. 



ASIA 



AFRICA. 



ia. v 
gro. J 



{Servia. 
Koumania, 
Montenegn 

f Burmah. 
Indo-Chinaj^- 
I. 



1. Abyssinia (despotism). 

2. Madagascar (despotism). 

3. Ashantee (despotism). 

4. Dahoniy (despotism). 



OCEANIA. — Hawaiian Islands. 



(10) 



(III.) EMPIRES OF THE WORLD. 

SOUTH AMERICA.-Brazil. 

1. Germany. 

OPE *! 2 * Austria— -Hungary. 

'3. Russia (absolute monarchy). 
4. Turkey-in-Europe. 

China (absolute monarchy). 

Japan (absolute monarchy). 
ASIA • • • \ 3. Turkey-in-Asia, with western Arabia. 
| 4. Turkestan .* 
t 5. Persia 



f 1. Chi 
2. Jap 
.... -{ 3. Tui 
| 4. Tui 
I 5. Per 



(IV.) TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS. 

A ^T A / 1* Southern Arabia. 

aoia • • • \ 2 . Afghanistan and Beloochistan. 

r 1. The Sahara. 

a TtDTn a 2. Soudan and Equatorial Africa. 

A1K1LA . •{ 3> p n „„„ omWo 



4. Zanquebar. 

*Turkestan might more properly be classed under " Colonial Gov- 
ernments." The provinces of this region are under rulers called 
Kahns ; but are more or less under the influence of Russia. 



(ii) 



r 



(V.) COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. 

( 1. Greenland and Iceland (to Denmark). 

'In North J 2> Dominion of Canada "» Gmii Britain. 
America. |^ Newfoundl and J 

}1. British Guiana. 
2. French Guiana. 
3. Dutch Guiana. 

In Central f The Balize, or British Honduras. 
America. \ 

n Greater f 1. Cuba & Porto Rico(to Spain). 
T "es.12. Jamaica (to Great Bnta,n). 



In West 
Indies. 



1. Santa Cruz (to Denmark). 
, 2 St. Thomas (to Denmark). 

2 Lesser I 3*. Guadaloupe and Martinique 

Antilles. 1 (to France). 

Antilles. ^ t ^ Qther . glands sub]ect tQ 

L Great Britain. 

3 The Bahamas (to Great Britain). 
i The Bermudas* (to Great Britain). 



. 1. Gibralta (to Great Britain). 
§ 2. Malta (to Great Britain). 



#4 3. Corsica (to France). 
P 



4. Balearic Isles (to -Spain). 
g [5. Bulgaria (to Turkey). 

that archipelego. 

(12) 



COLONIAL GO VERMENTS— ( Continued.) 



(to Great Britain). 



1. Hindostan. 

2. British Burmah. 

3. Ceylon. 

4. Hong-Kong. 

5. Aden. 

6. Singapore. 

7. Malacca. 

8. Lower Cochin China {to France). 

9. Siberia. ~) 
10. Trans-Caucasia. > (to Russia). 

.11. Soongaria. J 

1. Egypt. 1 

I ?Spo s ii. W° Turk ^ 

4. Barca. J 

5. Cape Colony. 

6. Sierra Leone. 

7. Gold Coast. 

8. Natal. 

9. St. Helena. 

10. Ascension. 

11. Mauritius. 

12. Algeria (to France). 

13. Ceuta. 

14. Fernando Po. Uto Spain), 

15. Canary Islands (in Atlantic), 



(to Great Britain) 



J 1 ' 

16 f Cape Verde Islands (in Atlantic). \ (in p nrfimn j\ 
. ib - \ Madeira Island (in Atlantic). / ^ Fortuaai )- 

1. Java. "1 

2. Borneo. 

!:cSs a ' UoEoMnci.) 

5. Moluccas. 

6. New Guinea. J 

7. Australia ) 

8. Tasmania. > (to Great Britain). 

9. New Zealand. J 

10. Philippine.) 

11. Ladrone. >( to Spain.) 

12. Caroline. J 

13. New Caledonia (to France). (13) 



SECTION II. 



SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION. 

REPUBLICS. 

Having given, in the preceding Sections, general outlines 
of governments, we now present in this and following Sec- 
tions specific outlines and statements pertaining to each 
country or government in the order of Republics, King- 
doms, and Empires, devoting a separate Section to each 
form of government. 

I. IN NORTH AMERICA. 

„*.,*/ Chester A. Arthur, New York. 
President. | Succeeded, Sept. 19, 1 



H 

3 



P 



Secretary of State. ..{F.F.Frey^u^n^ 

Secretary of Treasury. {Charles J. ™S« ork) 

, Secretary of War... {K»W.T.ti D Coln. no . s) 
^Secretary of Navy.. {^E-CUan«er psMre) _ 

Secretary of Interior .{Henry X. Wg*^ 
Attorney General... {BeAJ.H.B^ter^ 

.Postmaster General. .{W. <(. Gres,,i " , I ' n , U;ina) . 
(14) 



GOVEENMENTS OF THE WORLD. 15 

The President and his Cabinet, Congress, and the Courts of Justice, 
together form the Government. 

The United States is a Federal Republic— that is, a republic in 
which several separate republics are, united jin one — E Pluribus 
TJnum — one composed of many. 

Each State is a republic by itself ; for it has a government of its 
own, and is at liberty to make laws relative to its own peculiar inter- 
ests ; but the more general concerns of the nation, as the regulation 
of commerce, the declaration of war, the coining of money, etc., are 
entrusted to the General Government. 

The three branches of the Government are the Legislative, the 
Executive, and the Judiciary. 

The Legislative Power is vested in a Congress, which consists of 
two branches— the Senate and the House of Representatives. The 
Senate consists of two members from each State, chosen by the Leg- 
islature thereof, for a term of sis years. The members of the House 
of Representatives are chosen for two years by the people of each 
State. The number of Representatives for each State is allotted in 
proportion to the population. 

The Executive Power is vested in a President and a Vice-Presi- 
dent assisted by five Secretaries, called Heads of Department, namely: 
The Secretary op State, the Secretary of War, the Secretary 
of the Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary 
of the Interior; the Postmaster-General, and the Attorney- 
General. These are termed the Cabinet. The President and Vice- 
President are chosen for four years by delegates elected by the peo- 
ple, called electors. Each State chooses as many delegates as it has 
members in Congress. 

The Judiciary Power is vested in one Supreme Court, and such 
inferior courts as Congress may from time to time establish. The 
Supreme Court is composed of one Chief Justice and eight Asso- 
ciate Justices, who hold a court in the city of Washington annu- 
ally, commencing on the second Monday in January ; besides which, 
each of these Justices attends in a certain circuit, comprising two or 
more districts appropriate to each, and, together with the judge of 
the district, composes a Circuit Court, which is held in each district 
,of the circuit. The principal business of these courts is to expound 
the"faws of the United States, and to settle all questions which arise 
under the Constitution and treaties of the United States. The Jus- 
tices are appointed by the President, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, and hold their offices during life or good behavior. 

The State Governments are like the General Government in form. 
Each State has its own Constitution. The States are generally di- 
vided into Counties, and the counties into Townships. In most of the 
States the executive power is vested in a Governor, a Lieutenant- 
Governor, a Secretary of State, a Comptroller or Treasurer, an Attor- 
ney-General, and a Superintendent of Schools, all of whom are gen- 
erally elected by the people. Some of the States have, besides, an 
Auditor, a Land Commissioner, and other executive officers. 

The Territories are under the control of the General Government. 



16 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

When a government is provided for a territory, the latter is said to 
be organized. The President appoints the Governor, Secretary, und 
Judges, while the legislature is chosen by the inhabitants. The laws 
made by the territorial legislature are subject to revision by Con- 
gress Territories are admitted as States when they have a sufficient 
number of inhabitants to entitle them to one Representative in Con- 
gress. 

Historical Data.— The United States was originally formed of 13 
British colonies on the Atlantic coast, which in 1776 declared their 
independence of the mother-country. Great Britain claimed the 
right of taxing them, though they were not represented in the Brit- 
ish Parliament ; and attempts to enforce this claim brought on the 
Revolutionary War (1775—1783). The Americans were successful, ar.d 
at the close of the war the United States extended to the Mississippi 
River on the west, and as far south as Florida. The country has 
since been enlarged by the addition of several purchases and ces- 
sions. 



© 

M 

Hi 

w 

H 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 17 



■b-^sA^i /Manuel Gonzalez. 

President . j Succeeded, Dec. 1, 1880. 

State Minister, # f Sefl0r Don Y gnacio Maris- 

(Secretary of Foreign Af- < ca j^ ° 

/airs.) I. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, /Philip H, Morgan. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, Jan. 26, 1880. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. / Sefior Don Matias Romero. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, March 7, 1882. 

Mexico is composed of twenty-seven States, the territory of Lower 
California, and the federal district containing the capital. The gov- 
ernment resembles that of the United States. Law and order are 
often violated, and revolutions have been frequent. All religions 
are tolerated, but most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. 
Among the Indians are some Pagan tribes. 

The Administration is carried on under the direction of the Presi- 
dent, by a council of six ministers, viz : of Justice, of Finance, of the 
Interior, of the Army and Navy, of Foreign Affairs, and of Public 
Works. The present constitution bears date February 5th, 1857. 

Historical Data. — The Mexicans freed themselves from Spanish 
rule in 1821. Three years afterward a republic was established. 
Large tracts of territory were lost in consequence of the Texan Revo- 
lution (1836) and the war with the United States (1846—1848). In 
1863, after the invasion of the country by a French army,Mexico was 
made an empire, and a European prince was placed on the throne ; 
but within four years the republic was restored. 

When Mexico became known to Europeans, the ruling race was the 
Aztecs, a people skilled in tilling the soil, in weaving cotton cloth, in 
working the metals except iron, and in other useful arts. They had 
schools, a system of writing, a literature, populous cities, and an effi- 
cient government. To Mexitli, their god of war, from whom Mexico 
derived its name, they offered human sacrifices in magnificent tem- 
ples. 

Soon after the discovery of America, Cortez, with about six hun- 
dred Spaniards, invaded this vast empire, and, notwithstanding an. 
heroic resistance, effected its conquest (1521). For three hundred 
years the government was in the hands of Spanish viceroys, who 
were almost absolute, and kept the natives in ignorance and wretch- 
edness. 



18 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 









K 



II. IN SOUTH AMERICA. 

PrPsidpnt / J,lli0 A * R ° Ca * 

President. ^ Succeeded, Oct. 12, 1880. 

State Minister, ( 

(Minister of Foreign Af- \ Dr. Beruarvode Trig-aver 

fairs.) [ 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Thomas 0. Osborn. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, Feb. 13, IK 1. 

Foreign Minister in U.S. f S( f ! r " » Louis L " 1)o " 
(E.E. and M. P.) { ™*S*™- 

v ' Presented, Nov. 1-1. 

In the Argentine Republic, under the constitution the executive 
power resides in a president elected for six years by the representa- 
tives of the 14 provinces. The legislative authority is vested in a 
National Congress, consisting of a Senate and a House of Deputies. 
Each province has its own local government. 

The Ministry, appointed by and acting under the orders of the 
president, is divided into five departments, viz : of the Interior, For- 
eign Affairs, Finances, War, and Education. 

Increasing attention is paid to education, and upward of 100,000 
ptipils attend the public schools. There are two univeredti 
Buenos Ayres and Cordola) and fifteen national colleges. Tfc 
dominant religion is Roman Catholic, but all others arc tolerated. 
The Governors of the various provinces are invested with very ex- 
tensive powers. They are elected by the people for a term of three 
year.-. 

Historical Data.— The country formed part of the viceroyalty of 
Peru till 1776, when the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres was created. 
The struggle for independence was begun about 1810. In 1853 the 
present constitution, modelled after that of the United States 
adopted and went into effect in all the provinces except Buenos 
Ayres, which gave in its adhesion in 1859. In 1865-'70 the republic, 
in alliance with Brazil and Uruguay, was at war with Paraguay, 
which resulted in the overthrow and death of the dictator Lopez. 

The recent presidents of the republic have been Bartolome Mitre 
(18(V2-'8), Domingo Faustina Sarmiento (1868-74), and Nicolas Avell- 
aneda (elected in 1874.) Mitre, being defeated in 1874, headed a 
short insurrection. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 19 



'President, i Nicholas Campero. 

I Succeeded, June 1, 



1880. 



State Minister, ( 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ Jnan C. Carrillo. 
fairs.) { 

U. S. Minister Abroad, fRichard Gil)DS, 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, June 18, 1883. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. fSelor Don Ladislao Cabrera 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, 

By the Constitution framed by Simon Bolivar in 1826, and since 
modified, the executive power is vested in a president elected for 
four years, and the legislative in a Senate and House of Representa- 
tives elected by universal suffrage. The president appoints a vice- 
president and a ministry divided into the departments of the Interior 
and Justice, Finance, War, and Education and Public Worship. The 
prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. There are three universities- 
and about three hundred and fifty schools. 

Historical* Data. — Bolivia was erected into an independent State 
in 1825, and was so called after Simon Bolivar. The republic has 
witnessed numerous political revolutions, and has been several 
times governed by a dictator. In 1866 Bolivia joined the alliance 
between Peru, Ecuador, and Chili against Spain, which had just de- 
clared war against Chili. This led to the establishment of the 24th 
parallel as the boundary between Bolivia and Chili. 

The population consists of native whites, for the most part de- 
scendants of the Spanish settlers, mestizoes or cholos (mixed white 
and Indian), mulattoes, zambos (mixed Indian and negro), domes- 
ticated Indians, and savage Indians. The aboriginals are the most 
numerous. In 1819 the two republics of Venezuela and New (3re- 
nada united under the name of Colombia, and General Bolivar was 
made president. General Bolivar was made dictator of Peru in 
1824, but he resigned the dictatorship the next year. Factions hav- 
ing arisen in Colombia, he went to Bogota, assuming dictatorial 
powers, and was soon after re-elected president. The republic was 
disturbed by violent factions, and in 1830 Bolivar was forced to re- 
sign. 



20 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



f President. {Domingo Santa Maria. 

I Succeeded, Sept. 18, 1881. 

State Minister, f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ Melgniades Valderrama. 

fairs and Colonization.) {_ 

U. S. Minister Abroad, / C. A. Logan. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Yppoiuted, March 15, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. / >enor Don Joaquin (iodoy. 
I (E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, June 23, ! \ 

The Executive Power is vested in a president chosen for five years 

by electors elected by the qualified voters, and not eligible for the 
succeeding term, and a cabinet of five ministers. 

The Legislature consists of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies. 
The Senators and Deputies are elected by districts by the qualified 
voters, the former for six years (one half'triennially) and the latter 
for three years. Each province is governed by an attendant ap- 
pointed by the president for three years. Voters must be tax-payers, 
able to read and write. The chief judicial powers are "vested "in a 
supreme court, sitting at Santiago; three courts of appeal, sitting 
respectively at Santiago, Concepcion, and La Serena ; and depart- 
mental courts. The judges are removable only for cause. 

Historical Data. — In 1810 began the revolution which resulted in 
Chilian independence. A varying struggle followed till 1818, when 
the Spaniards were routed with great slaughter, and independence 
was secured. The present constitution was adopted in 1833. Chili 
has passed through several attempted forcible changes of the govern- 
ment. The most formidable occurred in 1851. In 1864 Chili sympa- 
thized warmly with Peru in her struggle with Spain, and in 1865 
became herself involved, and her coast was blockaded by a Spanish 
fleet. Through the mediation of the United States, troubles between 
Peru and Chili were terminated bv a treatv of indefinite truce, in 
1871. 

Miscellaneous Data.— Chili abounds in mineral wealth. Among 
the metals are gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, iron, zinc, nickel, cin- 
nabar, cobalt, antimony, bismuth, manganese, and arsenic. 

The climate is one of the finest on the globe. It is very uniform, 
the winters being mild and the summers commonly without ex- 
treme heat. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 21 



'President. { J - E. Otalora. 



© 

© 



Succeeded, April 1, 1883. 



ate Minister, 

{ ^SSL' f J£SLli Enstacio Santamarino. 



Minister of Foreign Af- , 
fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Win. L. Scruggs. 

(Minister Resident.) (Appointed, April 17, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f, AT 

(E E. and 31. P.) V None at P«*e°t.; 

The Government of Colombia is founded on a constitution adopted 
in 1863, modelled after that of -the United States. The executive 
power is vested in a president elected for two years ; the legislative 
authority is a congress, consisting of a Senate of three members 
from each State, and a House of Representatives. The representa- 
tives are elected by universal suffrage. The highest court of justice 
is the supreme court. Each State has its own legislature and ex- 
ecutive. 

The president is assisted in his executive functions by a cabinet of 
four ministers, who are responsible to Congress. 

Increasing attention has recently been paid to education, and in 
1873 there were more than one thousand eight hundred public and 
private schools, attended by upward of seventy-five thousand pupils. 
There is a university at Bogota. The Roman Catholic faith predomi- 
nates ; but there is absolute independence of Church and State, with 
perfect freedom of worship. 

Historical Data.— The Spanish conquest was effected in 1536-7, 
-and the country erected into a viceroyalty, called New Grenada, in 
1718. The first efforts for emancipation from Spain were made in 
1819, when a union was formed with Venezuela and Quito, under 
the name of the Republic of Colombia. This union was afterward 
dissolved. In I860 an important revolution broke out, which resulted 
in the adoption of the present constitution in 1863. 

The inhabitants of the country on its discovery were, like those of 
Mexico and Peru, distinguished into two grand branches : the sav- 
ages of the lowlands and coast regions, and the semi-civilized family 
of the table lands. 



22 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



President. {Gen. B. Caballero. 

*• Succ< 



Succeeded, Oct. — , 1880. 

ster, ( 

of Foreign Af- \ ( 1 
fairs.) 



State Minister, ( 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ (Not obtained.) 



(J 



(CAcr/^e d 1 Affaires.) \ Appointed, April 12, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. f Rafael R. Barthbold. 

' General) \ Presented, 



By the Constitution of 1870, mainly based upon that of the Argen- 
tine Republic, the legislative authority is vested in a congress <■< im- 
posed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies ; and the executive in 
a president elected for six years, with a non-active vice-president, 
and a cabinet of five ministers, viz: of the interior, of Finance, of 
Worship and Public Instruction, of War and Navy, and of Foreign 
Affairs. Education is at low ebb, though encouraged by the govern- 
ment. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the State, but all oth- 
ers are tolerated. 

Historical Data.— The country called Paraguay, which at first com- 
prised the entire basin of the Plata, was subject* to the Spanish vice- 
royalty of Peru till 1776, when the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres was 
created. In 1767 the Spanish government decreed the expuK 
the priests, who offered no resistance. Paraguay gained her inde- 
pendence of Spain in 1811, and ha* passed through several foi 
government until it has reached its present and stronger form. The 
country was governed for a time by a junta composed of Generals 
Pedro Juan Caballero, Fulgencio Yegros, and Dr. Jose Gaspai 
cia The junta was soon changed (1813) into a duumvirate. In 181 1 
the government was again changed, Francia securing his nomination 
as dictator, at first for three years, and afterwards for life. 1 1 
forth, until his death in 1840, he was the absoltite ruler of Paraguay. 
His rule was vigorous and often cruel, but he introduced many re- 
forms, established schools, and devised a code of laws. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 23 



President. {**»} **** ^^ __ ^ 

State Minister, f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ Pedro Joso Calderon. 
fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Setll S. Phelps. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, June 18, 1883. 

Foreign Minister in U.S. f Seflor Bon J. Frederico 

L (Charged' Affaires.) \ y^ore. ~* 01 100 - 

v v y M ' Presented, Oct. 31, 1881. 

The Present Constitution of Peru was promulgated in 1867. It is 
modelled closely after that of the Argentine Republic. The legisla- 
tive power is vested in a Senate and a House of Representatives, the 
former composed of two deputies for each province, and the latter of 
representatives appointed by the electoral colleges of provinces and 
parishes, at the rate of one 'member for every twenty thousand in- 
habitants. The president and vice-president are elected by the peo- 
ple for five years. The president is aided by five ministers appointed 
by himself , 'respectively in charge of the departments of the Interior, 
Foreign Affairs, Finance and Commerce. Justice, War and the Navy. 
The judiciary comprises a supreme court, and superior and lower 
courts; and the various municipalities are decentralized. In no 
country of South America has public instruction been the object of 
mere sedulous care than in Peru. The number of pupils is set down 
at one hundred thousand in the various educational establishments 
of the Republic, comprising primary and grammar schools for both 
sexes, distributed through various towns and villages : and in the 
capital normal schools, schools of art and trades, agriculture, com- 
merce, mines, fine arts, and a naval and military school ; besides 
which there are six universities. Education is compulsory and gratu • 
itous. The religion of the State is the Roman Catholic, the public 
exercises of no other being lawful. 

Historical Data.— The earliest history of Peru is that of the Incas. 
By a complex system of liberality and severity, persuasion and force, 
the Inca empire was not only extended, but the conquered nations 
Avere effectually amalgamated and moulded into a compact whole. 
In 1531 Pizarro invaded Peru ; and the empire of the Incas having 
been divided and distracted by civil war, he overcame the native 
authority, and Peru became a viceroyalty of Spain. In 1821 Peru was 
declared independent of Spain, though the subsequent history of the 
country is a series of revolutions and civil wars, now one leader and 
now another seizing power. Again, in 1864 and 1866 there were hos- 
tilities with Spain. 



24 GOVERNMENT? OF THE WORLD. 



( Maximo Santos. U11QM 

President, j Succeeded, March 1, 1882. 



State Minister, -' f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ (Not obtained.) 
fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, fWm. Williams. 

(C/ia^e d' Affaires.) I Appointed, April 12, 188- 

Foreign Minister in U. S., fSenor Don Enrique M. 

{ (W General.) tj££3^ 19, li 

tw Form of Government of Uruguay is in theory republican, sim- 
ilar to *£Sof the U ™d I States, but in practice it is a notary £«pot- 
S alternaUng with anarchy , ^.m^ t £t^iJS^S- 

vears He appoints four ministers, viz : of the Interior, t ortiM - \i 
l^ Finance and War. The legislature consists of a Senate oi thir- 
teen Senators 'one from each department, elected for four years, and 
a HouSof Deputies of forty members elected for three years. Ihe 

ous str "-le for the possession of Uruguay, till 1724, when the Span- 
?*h were? Porous The war for independence began in 1811 ; *g 
VnT?n*ueMMRteiTi.va&&; but the independence of the country 

S«te sb&sbs 

^Sellaneons Data.-The soil is rich, yielding large crops of grain, 
a Seaf variety of fruits and vegetables, sugar cane and cotton. 

skin tallow and jerked beef. The manufactures are confined to a 
fc SSffve"S^!l5Si£ S5^tlain. called pampas form thecbid 
fe 5Sfbulk 1 3 Senate population is a mixture of Indian, Euro- 
pean, and African blood. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 25 



t> *j * /Guzman Blanco. 

President, j Succeeded, Feb. 26, 1879. 

State Minister, f 

(Secretary of Foreign Af-\ Pedro Jose Saavedra. 
fairs.) ( 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f John Baker. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, March 4, 1878. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Sen0 J[* Don Simon Cam ' 

(Charged* Affaires.) \ aCh °p resented , 

By the Constitution of 1864, Venezuela became a federal republic, 
closely modelled after that of the United States. The executive 
power is vested in a president elected for four years, aided by the six 
Ministers of Interior and Justice, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Public 
Works, War and the Navy, and Public Credit. The legislative power 
resides in a congress composed of a Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, whose members are deputed from the corresponding houses 
in the individual States. The religion of the people is the Roman 
Catholic, but all others are tolerated. 

The principal feature of the country is its immense plains or llanos. 
The soil, except in the sandy regions of the coast and the lofty and 
arid paramos, is for the most part exceedingly fertile. The region 
below the sea-level of 3,000 feet is the country of the palms, here in- 
ferior only in variety to those of the Brazilian forests. The woods of 
the cential valleys and the immense forests of Guayana offer a great 
variety of timber and cabinet woods, including mahogany, rose- 
wood, satinwood, black and white ebony, etc. The caucho or India- 
rubber tree is abundant, as are also dye woods and plants. 

Historical Data.— The coast of Venezuela was discovered by Colum- 
bus in 1498, and explored by Vespucci in 1499. On entering lake 
Maracaybo, they found an Indian village constructed on piles over 
the water, and thence called it Venezuela (Little Venice). When Na- 
poleon, in 1808, made his brother Joseph King of Spain, Venezuela 
was among the first of the Spanish colonies to declare for the ancient 
dynasty ; but in 1811 the country proclaimed its independence. In 
1812 it returned to the sway of Spain; but again revolted in 1813. 
The contest with Spain did not entirely cease till 1823. From 1846 to 
1863 the country was never free from civil war. Since 1873 it has 
been quiet and prosperous. 



26 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

President. {(Recent election not known.) 

St tS; S 7^^^j(^ot obtained.) 
fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, L^ on e at present.) 
(Minister Resident.) I 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f ^ one a t present.) 
(E. E. and M. P.) l v 



Under the Constitution of 1869 the exeem.ve ££&£ JFTsenatS 

president chosen for six years. Jhe le^slature c„ 
£nd a Chamber of DS'V tIes i?S^rCatholk?and aWe to read and 
ties for six years. Voters must be Catholics anu . ^ 

write. The jud cial power rests in a supreme anoj rs .. an<J „ 
and inferior tribunals. In 1863 there were a u ^ schools 

Schools, attended by 14 000 P»P^ D1 £? a f2 h *! at Guimuil- Th S 
H^S^^K^'SSSlSK no other is tolerated 

kingdom of Quito was mad« a presiclenc 5 M ne ; thieved 

^lla.e.os I»t..-The inhabitants , eonsi s^of six classes: 

ass assa»a«^S^a =S£ 

S SaSASrSMySMSSKffi <&3 clement of the pop- 



U Ecuador possesses the Galapagos .group in *£*• lsland , 

Pi°i f a th £ SWSt^; W^Sgy- >-* - d 

monopolizes the maritime commerce of the republic. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 27 

III. IN CENTKAL AMEEICA. 
f J. Biifiiio Barrios. 



f-n j * f J. Ruimo Barrios. 

President. j Succeeded, May 7, 1873. 

mister omI 



State Minister, 

(Premier and Minister o/*j Don Lorenzo Montnfar. 

Foreign Affairs * 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Henry C. Hall. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, July 13, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S.,/Seuor Don Arturo UMco. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, 



By the Constitution of 1851 the government consists of a president 
(aided by three ministers) elected for four years, and a congress con- 
sisting of a Council of State and a House of Representatives. The 
members of the latter, elected by the people, choose those of the 
former and both hold office four years. The Ministers are, of For- 
eign Affairs, of Interior and Finance, of Public Works, and of War. 
Education has been much neglected, but is now receiving the active 
attention of the government. The Roman Catholic is the only re- 
ligion tolerated. 

Historical Data.— The country became a Spanish dependency in 
1524, and an independent republic in 1847. Subsequently to 1862 it 
was involved in a succession of petty wars. In 1871 a revolution 
broke out which resulted in many liberal measures. 

Miscellaneous Data. — The inhabitants consist of whites; ladinos 
(the children of whites and Indians); negroes, pure and mixed ; and 
pure-blooded Indians. The Indians mostly live by themselves, and 
the civil authorities immediately governing them are commonly 
chosen from their own race. They are mild, temperate, and indus- 
trious, unless corrupted by military chiefs. 

Remarkable ruins attest the high proficiency of the ancient inhab- 
itants in architecture and sculpture. Within some of the chambers 
of the numerous ruins have "been discovered mythological tablets 
covered with sculptures and hyeroglyphics. Here are found the 
remains of edifices associated with grand monoliths intricately 
carved. 



2 g GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

rProsperoFeniaiHlez. 

President. | Succeeded, Aug. 10, 1882. 

"'"j/iiito -of 'Foreign Af-\ Dr. Jose Maria Castro. 
fairs.) *~ 

U. S. Minister Abroad, J Henry C. Hall. ' 

(Jfintsfcr Resident.) I Appointed, July 14, lSW. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Seiior Don Artnro Cbico. 

[ (Minister Resident.) \ Presented, 

soil being peculiarly adapted for its growth. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WOULD. 29 



rresiaent. ^ Succeeded, April 30, 1876. 

State Minister, ( 

{Minister of Foreign Af-\ Don Salvador Gallegos. 
fairs.) (. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Henry C. Hall. 

(Minister Resident.) I Appointed, July 13, 1883. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Seiior Don Arturo Ubico. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, 

The President is elected every four years. The legislature consists 
of a Senate and a House of Representatives, with twenty-four mem- 
bers, all elected for two years. The administration is carried on, un- 
der the president, by a ministry of two members, the Minister of the 
Interior, War and Finance, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs and 
Public Instruction. Though the Roman Catholic church is recog- 
nized by the State, yet all other denominations are protected in their 
worship. In education this republic excels the other States of 
Central America, and has a very well endoAved university in the 
capital. 

Historical Data.— Under Spanish rule the province became a flour- 
ishing portion of the kingdom of Guatemala. The independence of 
this part of the Spanish dominion was accomplished in 1821 almost 
without bloodshed. The present five republics constitute themselves 
as the confederated republic of Central America. San Salvador be- 
came an independent commonwealth in 1839, and in 1856 assumed 
the title of republic. In all the revolutions of Central America, San 
Salvador, owing to its geographical position, has been compelled to 
take an active part. 

Miscellaneous Data. — When Alvarado invaded this region in 1524, 
it had a dense population and large, well-built cities. 

Among the productions are indigo (the chief source of wealth), 
maize, oranges, lemons, pine apples, plantains, sugar, cacao, coffee, 
cotton, tobacco, and balsam of Peru. Numerous flue cattle are 
raised. The rich silver mines are almost entirely neglected; excel- 
lent iron ore is obtained. 

The city of San Salvador, the capital of the republic, is in a de- 
lightful valley more than 2,000 feet above the sea, about three miles 
east of the volcano of San Salvador, famous for its numerous and 
disastrous eruptions. 



30 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

fM. A. Soto. 



President. {" ' * ° ' Succeeded, May 29, 1879. 

State Minister, f . 

(Minister of Foreign Af-< (Not obtained.; 
fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Henry C. Hall. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, July 13. 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., fSeiior Don 4rturO L T l)ico. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, 

Honduras is divided into the seven departments ; of Choluteca^ 
rnmivima Gracias Olancho, Santa Barbara, Tegucigalpa, ana 
§So ? The ? who? country east from the longitude of the river Aguan 
is almost exclusively occupied by independeiil ^ggnpnj}. trlhea. 
The government is based upon a charter Promulgated in i M«>. ijj 
pvppiitivp nowei is vest< sd in a president, elected lor four > ears, aiaea 
bv a coiuicH of state. The legislative power rests in a congress con- 
Stu^ofTLnateand a Chamber of ^^ f fi™fi^l!$Z 
ebb, there being but very few schools and those devc ted on£ to 
the primary branches. The religion of the people is the Koman 

° Historical Data.-The history of Honduras has been ^ark^ 

internal commotions and wars with its neighbors £^itwiterea 
into the Central American Confederation; but it became an mac 
^MaafeouSa'-Ancientmonumente in the vicinity of Copan 
nea Sie Gmuemala frontier, and of the same or a kindred yuev ith 
those of Palenque, seem to point to the early occupation of that re 

^c^enrSSc^Traised, and even exported at times to Cuba, 
where it is prepared and sold as a native production. . 

The arboreal vegetation includes the mahogany, rosewood, and 
other precious cabinet woods Fustic, BraM wood, jn^tto^^ and 
other dve woods and gum and medicinal trees and plants, as co 
pSf/a, d copll, li4uidan?bar and India-rubber trees ipecacuanha, 
and the palma Christi (yielding castor oil), also al u d 

The manufactures consist exclusively of coarse woollen stuns ana 
rude utensils for domestic and field use. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 31 



President. {Adam Cardenas. ^^ __ ^ 

"fc^,, {(Not obtained., 

U. S. Minister Abroad, /Henry C. Hall. 

(Minister Resident.) (Appointed, July 13, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S.,/Senor Don Arturo Ubico, 

L (E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, 

The Government consists of a president, elected for four years, and 
a congress of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. 
The president is assisted by four ministers. The judicial power is 
vested in a supreme court and inferior tribunals. Education, which 
is wholly secular, is in a low state. There are two so-called univer- 
sities, at* Leon and Granada. According to the constitution, the re- 
ligion of the State is the Roman Catholic. Freedom of worship is 
granted to other sects by treaties with friendly nations. c 

Historical Data.— Nicaragua remained a province of Spain till the 
revolution of 1821, which resulted in its independence. Shortly af- 
ter, all Central America became a part of the empire of Mexico : but 
in 1823 independence was again declared, and Nicaragua became one 
of the States of the United Provinces of Central America. This union 
was dissolved in 1839, and Nicaragua has since had a separate ex- 
istence. In 1855 a civil war broke out, and the country was divided 
into two governments, with capitals at Leon and Granada. The lib- 
erals called in the aid of Col. William Walker, of California, who, at 
first successful, was finally overthrown by a coalition of the other 
Central American States. After his expulsion the government was 
re-established. 

Miscellaneous Data.— The principal river of Nicaragua is the San 
Juan, which derives its chief importance from the fact that it is the 
onlj- possible course for the Atlantic section of the Nicaraguan in- 
teroceanic canal. 

Gold is profitably mined in some localities. Copper, iron, lead, 
tin, zinc, antimony, quicksilver, and coal are found. Limestone, 
marble, alabaster, alum, sulphur, nitre, and other minerals abound 
in the mountain districts. 

The most important commercial vegetable productions are caout- 
chouc, sarsaparilla, annatto, aloes, ginger, vanilla, ipecacuanha, ar- 
rowroot, copal, cowhage, gum arabic, copaiba, and dragon's blood. 



32 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



IV. IN WEST INDIES. 

President. { ^ en * Louis F. Salomon. 

I Succeeded, Nov. 25, 1879. 



State Minister, 

Seeretar 

fairs.) 



(Secretary of Foreign Af- 1 M. Chas. Lafarestril. 



U. S. Minister Abroad, ("John M. Langston. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, Sept. 28, 1877. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., fMr. Stephen Preston. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, Feb. 18, 1873. 

The Government is nominally republican, but amid successive rev- 
olutions constitutional forms have been little observed. The laws 
are founded on the civil code of France, and the language is French. 
The Roman Catholic is the religion of the people, under the juris- 
diction of an archbishop. There are four colleges in Hayti, and each 
commune has common and grammar schools. 

The administration is carried on, under the president, by the 
heads of four departments, viz : War and Navy, Interior, Finance, 
Foreign Affairs and Commerce, Education and Justice. 

Historical Data.— The island was discovered by Columbus in 1492, 
and here was founded the first Spanish colony in the New World. 
The French and the Spaniards claimed different portions of the 
island. In 1791 the slaves rose, and soon after the mulattoes joined 
them, the French national assembly having, on the remonstrance of 
the white colonists, repealed a decree which conferred the privileges 
of citizenship upon the mulattoes. The war was waxed with great 
ferocity, the insurgents, under able chiefs, defying all efforts to sub- 
due them. At length in August, 1793, the French commissioners 
proclaimed universal freedom, and the national convention con- 
firmed their action.* Hayti was at various times divided among sev- 
eral chieftains, and has undergone several revolutions. In 1858 a re- 
public was proclaimed, but numerous insurrections have occurred. 

The republic of Hayti occupies the west end of the island of that 
name, of which Santo Domingo forms the eastern or Spanish part. 

•This emancipation of slaves in the West Indies is annually cele- 
brated by the negroes of the United States. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



' PrMidwit I Ulysses Heureuch. 
President. | Succeeded, July, 1882. 

State Minister, J" 

[Secretary of Foreign Af-\ (Not obtained.) 
fairs.) (. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f , XT . \ 

{Minister Resident.) j (None at present.) 

Foreign Minister in U. S. f , ^ T , . 

[E E. and M. P.) \ ( None at P resent ) 



Santo Domingo forms the larger portion of the island of Hayti, 
lying east of the republic of that name. The prevailing religion is 
the Roman Catholic, but all others are tolerated. Public education 
is little attended to, even in its primary branches. Under the con- 
stitution the president and vice-president are elected for six years. 
The legislature consists of a Senate elected for six years, and com- 
posed of nine members. The judiciary consists of a supreme court 
and inferior tribunals. 

Historical Data.— In 1844 the inhabitants of the Spanish part of the 
island declared their independence, and proclaimed tbe Dominican 
republic, and defeated the Haytians. In 1849 the Haytians again in- 
vaded the republic, and were again defeated. The history of the 
republic has been marked by a succession of revolutions and counter- 
revolutions. In 1861, Santana, then in power, invited Spain to re- 
sume her authority over the country. The Spaniards sent troops 
into the island, but" discontent prevailed among the people. In 1863 
a revolt broke out, and in 1865 Spain was forced to acknowledge the 
independence of Santo Domingo. In 1871 three commissioners were 
sent by President Grant to examine into the condition of the Domin- 
ican republic, whose inhabitants had voted almost unanimously for 
annexation to the United States; their report was favorable to an- 
nexation, but Congress took no action upon it. In 1873 the bay and 
peninsula of Samana were ceded to a company formed in the United 
States ; but in March, 1874, all the rights of the company were con- 
fiscated for non-payment of the stipulated annual rent. 

Santo Domingo city, the oldest existing settlement by white men 
in the new world, was founded by Bartholomew Columbus in 1494. 
In 1502 it was destroyed by a hurricane, when it was transferred to 
its present site. 



34 GOVERNMENTS OP THE WORLD. 



V. IN EUKOPE. 

PrPsifWt /Francois P. Jules Grevy. 

rresment. . Succeeded Jan. 30, 1879. 

State Minister, f 

(President of the Council and < M. de Freycinet. 

Minister of Foreign Affairs. ) (. 

U. S. Ninister Abroad, / Levi P. Morton. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, Mar. 21, 1880. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Mr. Theodore Roustan. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, June 22. 1882. 

The present constitution and government of France dates from 
the 4th of September, 1870, when the Second Empire, under Napoleon 
III., came to an end. The legislative power is vested in a Corps Leg- 
islatif, consisting of a Senate of three hundred members, two hun- 
dred and twenty-five of whom are chosen for nine years by the de- 
partments and the colonies, and seventy-five for life by the National 
Assembly ; and a Chamber of Deputies, now five hundred and thirty- 
two members, elected by universal suffrage, one deputy to each one 
hundred thousand inhabitants. 

The executive power is vested in a President, elected for seven 
years by a joint Assembly of the Senate arid Chamber of Deputies ; 
he has power to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, upon the advice 
of the Senate. The ministry, or Secretaries of State, consisting of 
nine members, are responsible to the Chambers for the political con- 
duct of the government, while the President is responsible only in 
case of high treason. 

Besides these officers, there is a Council of State : presided over by 
the Minister of Justice, whose function it is to advise on all subjects 
of law and administrative regulations submitted to it, its decision 
being final on causes or complaints against officers of the govern- 
ment. 

France is divided into eighty-seven departments, which are sub- 
divided into three hundred and sixty- two "arrondissements," two 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five " cantons," and about thirty- 
six thousand " communes." The President appoints a prefect or 
administrative officer for each department, who is head of the police, 
issues local decrees, superintends tax collections, and, in a word. 
represents the government as general agent, assisted by a council 
elected by the people. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 35 

Religious toleration is established by law. A vast majority of the 
population belong to the Roman Catholic Church. The government 
supports not only the pastors of this church, but also those of the 
Protestant and Jewish communions. The government has a direct 
and supreme control over public instruction, through the instru- 
mentality of the University of France. The minister of public in- 
struction, at the head of the whole organization, is assisted by a 
council and a body of nineteen inspectors-general. Above all the 
many learned institutions stand the French Academy, the academies 
of Inscription, of Science, of the Fine Arts, and of Moral and Politi- 
cal Sciences, which compose the five classes of the Institute of 
France. The charitable institutions of the country are very numer- 
ous. Hospitals and asylums exist in nearly every town of impor- 
tance. The military establishment is based on the law of 1872, in 
accordance with which every Frenchman must personally render 
military service. 

Historical Data.— Affairs in France had gradually grown worse 
ever since the disastrous close of the reign of Louis XIV., in 1715, till 
the Revolution. The court was usually influenced by intriguing 
women. The nobility and clergy were extravagant, haughty, and 
given to pleasure. The finances were in a terrible condition. Con- 
tinuously costly wars sapped the life of the nation. There were 
growing signs of discontent. Finally the complete independence of 
the United States, achieved with the assistance of French arms, con- 
trasted painfully with the condition of the French people themselves. 
We can not give space to even a synopsis of the French Revolution, 
the greatest civil revolution in the history of the world. We can 
only refer the reader to works on that subject. The Revolution be- 
ing ended, Napoleon Bonaparte began his wonderful career of al- 
most continuous warfare for twenty years against the combined pow- 
ers of Europe. After the exile of Napoleon the Bourbons were re- 
stored to the throne of France, and ruled affairs until the revolution 
of 1830 drove them from the throne. Louis Phillippe reigned as king 
till 1848, when a temporary republic was established. In 1852 Louis 
Napoleon, a nepheAV of the great Napoleon, declared himself Em- 
peror, with the title of Napoleon III. He reigned until 1870, until a 
republic was proclaimed at the close of the Franco-Prussian war. 
France and Prussia had long been jealous of each other. Leopold, 
of Hohenzollern, a relative of the King of Prussia, became a candi- 
date for the Spanish throne (1870). France objected, and both sides 
began operations at once. This terrific contest was soon over. The 
French were beaten everywhere, and finally Napoleon surrendered 
to King William, at Sedan, September 2, 1870. Paris endured the 
horrors of a prolonged siege, but was forced to surrender, January 28, 
1871. A French Republic was established ; France had to cede Alsace 
and Lorraine, which had been taken from Germany by Louis XIV., 
and pay an indemnity of five billion francs. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



f President /Emil.TVelti. 

President. } Succeeded, Jan. 1, 1884. 

State Minister, / /xr , , , . , N 

(Politics.) ((Not obtained.) 

U. S. Minister Abroad, ( M. J. Cramer. 

(Charge oV Affaires.) \ Appointed, July 13, 1882- 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Col. EniiIe?Frey. 

(Consul General.) \ Presented, Oct. 24, 1882. 

By the federal constitution of 1874, the legislative body consists of 
a national council of 135, elected for three years ; a council of forty- 
four members, one for each canton. The executive power is in a 
federal council, chosen for three years by the federal assembly, and 
in a President of the Swiss Confederation, elected for one year, from 
its own members by the federal council. Public instruction is oblig- 
atory for all children from their seventh to their fourteenth year. 

Historical Data.— Switzerland declared its independence of the 
German Empire in 1308. After a long struggle it was acknowledged 
in 1499. Again, at the peace of Westphalia (1648) Switzerland was 
pronounced entirely independent of Germany. In 1817, on the in- 
vitation of Alexander of Russia, Switzerland joined the Holy Al- 
liance, and from 1823 to 1828 it restricted the liberty of the pros- and 
the rights of asylum. During the French revolution of 1830 liberal 
cantonal reforms were introduced in about two-thirds of Switzerland. 
The revolutions-of 1848, in Europe, gave Switzerland an opportunity 
to hasten a thorough constitutional reform. The boundary question 
between Switzerland and Italy, submitted to the arbitration of the 
U. S. Minister to Italy, was decided in 1874, definitely fixing the 
Swiss frontier at the point called the Cravaviola Alps. 



The Kepublic of Andora. 

This is a semi-independent State, in a valley of the Pyrennees, 
partly under the control of France and partly under control of the 
Bishop of Urgal. It is situated between Urgal, Spain, and Faix, 
France. It is divided into six communes, and was made nearly in- 
dependent by Charlemagne for assisting him against the Moors. The 
Andorrans are poor, proud, ignorant, and proverbially uncommuni- 
cative, marry among themselves, and speak a Catalan'dialect. 



GOVERNMENTS OP THE WORLD. 37 



The Keptjblic of San Marino. 

This is in the north-eastern part of Italy, the oldest republic in the 
world, and next to Monaco, the smallest State in Europe. It was 
settled, according to tradition, in the fourth century, by Marinus, a 
Dalmatian hermit, and has always remained independent. The 
legislature consists of a council of sixty, out of whom an executive 
body of twelve is elected. 

It "is on the summit of a rugged mountain, and contains a remark- 
able cabinet of medals, a theatre, five churches, two convents, and a 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

VI. IN AFKICA. 

f p™-^„* J Anthony W. Gardener. 

President. | Succeeded, 1880. 

State Minister f (Not obta i ne d.) 

(Secretary of otate.) { 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f J. H. Smyth. 

[Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, April 12, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f William Coppinger. 

(Consul General.) \ Presented, 1881. 

All elections are by ballot, and every male citizen possessing»real 
estate has the right of suffrage. None but citizens are permitted to 
hold real estate, and none but persons of color are admitted to citi- 
zenship. The legislative body is composed of a Senate and a House 
of Representatives. The president is elected for two years. The ju- 
dicial power is vested in a supreme court and several subordinate 
courts. The president is assisted in his executive functions by four 
ministers, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the 
Attorney General, and the Postmaster General. 

Historical Data.— The republic owes its origin to the American 
Colonization Society, which in 1820 sent the first colonists. The es- 
tablishment of the republic was virtually an attempt made by Amer- 
ican philanthropists to show the capacity of the Negro race for self- 
government ; but as such it is admitted to be a failure. 



The Orange Kiver Free State, or Republic. 

This is in Southern Africa. The first serious attempts to settle Cape 
Colony were made by the Dutch about 1650. The settlement grew 
rapidly for a time, receiving accessions from Germany, France, Por- 
tugal, etc., and having many slaves ; but immigration nearly ceased 
during the eighteenth century, and the colonists acquired a distinc- 
tive national character. They were never reconciled to the transfer 
of the colony to Great Britain in 1814 ; and in 1835 they began to em- 
igrate beyond the British boundaries. After many conflicts with the 
English, who claimed their lands as fast as settled, and with the na- 
tives, they finally went beyond the Orange and Vaal rivers, and 
founded the Orange River Republic, the independence of which was 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 39 

trate, and the congress has all le^h,t&U e " s ' ls J he ehi <* magis- 
aregoverned ^ & d r^ ^If^ZfSraa^. "" **"& 

The Transvaal Republic. 

goTe JnSj nS ^r°yTn!?e R n7a e n r f^S?i^ d b »l * *«n« form of 
acres from the pnbh^ lands Slaver? i»?nJ,°, a h ° m estead of ™000 
country is divided into ten district? In is^fP 1 exlst ™ce. The 



SECTION III. 

SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION.— ( Continued.) 

KINGDOMS. 

The preceding Section was devoted to the Republics of the 
world ; in this Section we treat of the various Kingdoms of 
the Old World. From the outlines of "General Classifica- 
tion," in Section I., it will be observed that there are no 
kingdoms in America, or the New World, and but one em- 
pire (that of Brazil), though there are various colonial pos- 
sessions subject to monarchical rule. 

I. IN EUKOPE. 

King... {Leopold II. 



Accession, Dec. 10, 1865. 

State Minister, f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-< 31. Frere Orban. 
fairs. ) (. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Nicholas Fish. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, April 28, 1862. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. f jfl. Bounder de Melsbroeck. 

I (RE. and M. P.) \ Presented, Oct. 29, 1881. 

The government is a constitutional limited monarchy, with male 
succession, and in default of male issue the king may nominate his 

(40) 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 41 

successor, with consent of the Chambers'. The legislature consists of 
a Senate and House of Representatives. The elective franchise is 
vested in citizens paying not less than forty-two francs annually of 
direct taxes. The House of Representatives consists of deputies in 
the proportion of one to forty thousand of population. Citizenship 
is the sole qualification of representation, and they are elected for 
four years (except in case of dissolution), half retiring every two 
years. The Senate has half the number of the House, elected by the 
citizens for eight years, half retiring every four years. The senator- 
ial qualification is citizenship, domiciliation, forty years of age, and 
payment of direct taxes of at least two thousand francs annually, or 
the next largest sums, so as to make at least one out of every six 
thousand citizens eligible. The Senators' serve gratuitously ; the 
weekly salary of the Representatives is about one hundred "francs. 
The king may dissolve the Chambers, but on condition of convoking 
them again in two months. The executive government consists of 
six departments : Foreign Affairs, Finance, Justice, Public "Works, 
War, and the Interior. The minister of foreign affairs is premier. 
There are also ministers without portfolio, who form a privy council,, 
called together on special occasions by the sovereign. Titles of no- 
bility are allowed by the constitution, but without special privileges, 
all Belgians being equal before the law. Trial by jury on criminal 
and political charges and for offenses of the press is provided for. 
The extent of pauperism and illiteracy is very great. There are su- 
perior public schools in most of the cities, and industrial and tech- 
nical schools are numerous. The conservatory of music at Brussels is- 
famous. 

Historical Data.— Belgium was originally part of Gallia Belgica. 
After a revolt against Austrian oppression, in 1789, Belgium was in- 
corporated with France till 1814. In 1815 it was united with Hol- 
land, but on account of marked differences of race, religion, and 
pursuits, this union proved a failure. The independence of Belgium 
was acknowledged by a conference of the European Powers in 1831. 
The present king, Leopold n., succeeded to the throne in 1865. Du- 
ring the Franco-German war England made a temporary treaty with 
Prussia and France, guaranteeing Belgian independence and neu- 
trality. 



42 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



vi nr * / Christian IX. 

Kin S- \ Accession, Nov. 15, 1863. 

State Minister f B . D# Rosen oerii- 

(jftmsfer of Foreign Af-< Lehn 
/airs.) * I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Wick'in Hoffman. 

(Charged? Affaires.) \ Appointed, Feb. 27, 1883. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Mr. Carl Steen Andersen 

(Charge oV Affaires and < de Bille. 

Consul General) [ Presented, Jan. 31, 1882. 

The Constitutional Charter of 1850 vests the legislative power in 
the Reichsdag, consisting of a Folksthing and a Landsthing. The 
Folksthing are elected for three years by universal suffrage, and the 
Landsthing for eight years by electoral districts, except twelve mem- 
bers who are nominated for life by the king. The established church 
is the Lutheran-Protestant,— Roman Catholics having been but re- 
cently tolerated in Scandinavia. Education is highly developed by 
the compulsory system, and almost all the lower classes can read and 
write. 

The executive cabinet, acting under the king as president, and 
called the State Council, consists of seven departments, viz: the 
Presidency of the Council, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, of the In- 
terior, of Public Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, of Justice and 
for Iceland, of War, and of Marine. 

Historical Data.— During the eighth and ninth centuries the Danes, 
then the foremost among the Northmen, began to acquire renown 
by their maritime expeditions, in which they invaded England and 
Scotland, and conquered Normandy. The different States were 
united into one monarchy in the ninth century, and Canute and his 
successors also ruled England in the eleventh century. Under Can- 
ute the country became Christian. The latter half of the seven- 
teenth century was marked by many wars with Sweden, the last of 
which ended with the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, in 1718. In 
1801 Denmark involved herself in a quarrel with England, and suf- 
fered severely in the naval battle of Copenhagen. In 1807 an Eng- 
lish fleet compelled the surrender of the entire Danish navy. A 
prominent subject of complaint was the royal succession, from the 
expected extinction of the royal family in the male line; also the 
project of annexing Schleswig to the German confederation. In 1848 
the troubles culminated in a war, which involved an intervention 
by Prussia, and was ended by the defeat of the army of the duchies 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 43 

in 1850. The question of succession was referred to a convention of 
the plenipotentiaries of the principal powers of northern and west- 
ern Europe, and by a treaty signed in London, 1852, the succession 
was settled upon Prince Christian and his male heirs, which gave 
great dissatisfaction to all parties ; but in 1863 he ascended the throne 
as Christian IX. In 1864 Austria and Prussia interfered, and Den- 
mark finally ceded her rights over Schleswig, Holstein, and Lanen- 
burg to those two countries. In 1869 the reunion of the three Scan- 
dinavian kingdoms was revived. 






44 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



' Queen and Empress of India. { Victoria I. 

r I Accession, June 20, '3/ . 

State Minister, i 

{Secretary of State fori Earl (iranville. 

Foreign Affairs.) ( 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f James R. Lowell. 

(E. E. and M. F.) \ Appointed, Jan. 26, 1880. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. f Hon.L. S. Saekville West. 
L {E. E.andM. P.) I Presented, Nov. 1 ' 

Great Britain embraces England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and 
the Channel Islands, and also immense landed possessions in all 
parts of the globe. 

By the British constitution the supreme legislative power is in a 
Parliament which holds for seven years unless sooner dissolved by 
\ royal proclamation. The House of Lords consists of rive peers of 
I the Queen's family, two archbishops and five bishops, two hundred 
and one dukes, marquises, earls, and viscounts, two hundre 
sixty-one barons, sixteen Scottish and twenty-eight Irish represent- 
ative peers; all of these but the last named hold for life. The. 
House of Commons consists of six hundred and fifty m< i 
elected by limited suffrage, of whom forty constitute a quorum 
to do business ; members of Parliament receive no salary. The ex- 
ecutive government, nominally in the Crown, is practically in the 
Cabinet, consisting of thirteen members whose tenure of offici 
pendent upon their measures commanding a majority in the House 
of Commons. At the head of the Cabinet is the First Lord of the 
Treasury, known as the Premier, or Prime Minister; he dis] 
the patronage of the Crown, his colleagues being appointed at his 
recommendation. Education is widely extended. Great Britain is 
a Protestant country, the established church in England being the 
Episcopal, and in Scotland. Presbyterian, while in Ireland no church 
is now established by law. Since the abolition of the corn laws, or 
duties upon grain, in 1846. England has gradually become a free 
trade country, only about twenty articles being charged with im- 
portation. 

Historical Data.— Britannia was the ancient name of the island. 
Subsequently the term " Great Britain" was employed in distinc- 
tion from " Little Britain,"' the name applied to the western penin- 
sular projection of France (now Brittainy), which was occupied >y 
the same race. The term Great Britain was little used by the island- 
ers themselves, until the accession of James I. By the legislative 
union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain became 
the legal name of the kingdom. Scotland is frequently termed 
North Britain. 



King. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 45 



/Humbert I. 



I Accession, Jan. 9, 1878. 

Benedetto Cairoli. 



State Minister, 

{President of the Council^ 
and Minister of Foreign 
Affairs.) 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Win. W. Astor. 



(R E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, Aug. 4, 1882. ■ 

Foreign Minister in U. S. f Baron De Faya. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, Oct. 28, 1881. 

The government is a constitutional monarchy, with a Senate of 
two hundred and seventy members, appointed for life, and a Cham- 
ber of five hundred and eight deputies, elected by general suffrage. 
The executive power is exercised, under the king, by a ministry 
divided into nine departments, viz: The Presidency of the Council 
and Minister of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry of the Interior; of 
Finance; of Justice ; of "War; of Marine; of Commerce and Agricul- 
ture ; of Public Instruction ; and of Public Works. 

The local government of the provinces and communes is exercised 
by prefects, sub-prefects, and syndics appointed by the king, and 
councils elected for five years. By the law of 1875, military service 
is obligatory on all men capable of bearing arms to the end of their 
thirty-second year. 

Historical Data. — The people are of the Romanic stock and the 
Eoman Catholic faith ; they are distinguished for their love of music, 
sculpture, and painting. Italy may be called the cradle of civiliza- 
tion. The Romans, in ancient times, ruled all nations. Previously 
to 1859, Italy was divided among a number of separate States. In 
that year Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, succeeded in annexing 
several of these States to his own dominions ; and, carrying out the 
work thus begun, in 1870 he became the king of a united Italy, and 
made Rome the national capital. The present king, Humbert I., as- 
cended the throne in 1878. 

The Italians now constitute a compact nationality, although they 
are descended from a number of different races, the predominant 
elements being Gallic (Celtic) and Roman. In upper Italy the Ger- 
manic element has contributed its share, and in southern Italy and 
Sicily the Arab. 

The Pope, though no longer recognized as a sovereign, still enjoys 
extensive prerogatives. 



46 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



GO 



~. r Willemlll. 

Kin £- \ Accession, March 17, 1849. 

State Minister, ( n , T T , r , . „ ___ 

4fair«.) 1 feandenburg. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Win. K. Dayton 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, April 26, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U.S.f Mr. (j, <]<> Weckherlin. 

{Minister Resident.) \ Presented, Jan. 27, 1882. 

The goyernment is a constitutional monarchy, hereditary in the 
house of Orange-Nassau. All natives are eligible to office. The ex- 
ecutive power is vested in the king, who is assisted by a council con- 
sisting of eight heads of departments, viz: the Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, of Finance, of Justice, of the Colonies, of the Interior, of 
Marine, of War, and of Public Works and Commerce. The legisls- 
tive power is entrusted to the " states general," composed of the first 
chamber, with thirty-nine members, and the second chamber, with 
eighty members. Education is compulsory. There are numerous 
superior schools, besides the universities at Leyden, Groningen, 
Utrecht. All religious denominations are equal before the law. 

Historical Data. — Early in the ninth century, the Netherlands 
formed a part of the empire of Charlemagne. It was afterward held 
by feudal princes. At the time of the Reformation (1517) it belonged 
to Spain. The teachings of Luther took deep root among the Dutch. 
These people had, by frugality, industry, and patience, become 
wealthy. Their cities" were the* busy centers of an immense com- 
merce." The Dutch sailors at one time were the best in Europe. The 
heresy of the Dutch excited the hatred of Philip II., King of Spain, 
and their wealth excited his rapacity. 

The Dutch became restive under Spanish rule, and revolted (15G7) 
on the introduction of the Inquisition. The notorious Duke of Alva 
was sent by Philip to rule the country. He and his " Blood Council" 
tried, condemned, and beheaded by the wholesale. The Inquisition 
was a sort of ecclesiastical court, organized to try persons charged 
with heresy. Accusation was usually equivalent to condemnation. 
This bloody court first tortured its unhappy victims with all the di- 
abolical devices known to those skilled in this hideous calling. The 
accused was then usually burned at the stake unless he openly re- 
canted. 

The heroic Dutch made a determined resistance. They were led 
by " William the Silent," Prince of Orange, who led an army to their 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



47 



assistance. This admirable man and brave soldier was assassinated 
by the treacherous Spaniards. 

The Dutch were gradually being overpowered, when Elizabeth, 
Queen of England, sent six thousand men to their assistance. The 
war finally ended (1609), after raging for nearly forty years. Spain 
practically acknowledged the independence of the Netherlands 
(1648). From thence to the beginning of the nineteenth century the 
Dutch were more or less involved in war successively with England, 
France and Sweden. After the French revolution of 1848, the con- 
stitution was much liberalized, and extensive reforms were intro- 
duced. 



-5 

o 

fa 



48 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

t-t. /Louis I. 

Km S- \ Accession, Nov. 11, 1861. 

State Minister, f , , _ „ 

(B-emier and Minister o/M nsell,, ° Jose Braam- 
Foreign Affairs.) |_ ™m\). 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f John M. Francis. 

(Charged' Affaires.) \ Appointed, July 7J1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., f Viscount das Nogueiras. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, Oct. 8,11878. 

The government is a limited monarchy, the executive power 
vested in the king and his cabinet, and the law-making in two 
houses, the House of Peers and the House of Commons, and together 
called the Cortes Geraes. The government is hereditary in the female 
as well as in the male line. The peers are named for life by the 
Crown, and the deputies are chosen by electors, who must have a 
yearly income of not less than one hundred dollars. The Roman 
Catholic is the religion of the state, but all sects enjoy freedom of 
worship. Primary instruction is compulsory, but the law is rarely 
enforced. Higher instruction is given in several institutions in Lis- 
bon and Oporto. 

Historical Data.— Early in the eighth century Portugal was 
quered by the Arabs or Moors, from whom it was partly recovered 
toward the close of the eleventh century by Alphonso VI., King of 
Leon and Castile. The discovery of the passage to India round the 
Cape of Good Hope, in 1498, by Vasco de Gama was followed by an 
extensive Portuguese dominion on both shores of the Indian o 
and by the discovery and colonization of Brazil. For sixty years 
Portugal was ruled by the Spanish kings, but in 1640 the nation rose 
in revolt, and proclaimed a king. A long war with Spain ensued, 
which was terminated in 1665 by the decisive defeat of the Spaniards. 
In 1703 Portugal was involved in the war of the Spanish succes 
The reign of Joseph (1750—1777) was marked by great social and agri- 
cultural reforms, carried out chiefly by the genius and energy of the 
king's prime minister, the famous Marquis of Pombal. Portugal 
was involved in the wars of Napoleon, but protected by England. 
Several revolutions and counter revolutions have taken place, the< 
principal result of which has been the substitution of one faction for 
another in the control of the ministry. The present king, Louis L. 
succeeded to the throne in 1861. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 49 



(rr: nty lAlfollSO XII. 

s ' } Accession, December 30, 1874. 

State Minister, f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-< Marquis (le la Yiga. 
fairs.) (. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, / John W. Foster. 

(E E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, Feb. 27, 1883. 

Foreign Minister in U. $.,*( Seiior Don Juan Yalera* 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, July 30, 1883. 

The gOYernnient of Spain is a limited monarchy; the executive 
poAver resting with the king, and the legislative, in the " Cortes with 
the king. ' ' The Cortes is composed of two houses, a Senate and a 
Chamber of Deputies, elected for five years by indirect suffrage. 

The present constitution of Spain was proclaimed in 1876. 

The ministry is composed of a president and eight ministers, the 
departments being Foreign Affairs, Finance, Interior, Justice, Com- 
merce and Agriculture, War, Marine, and Colonies. Nearly the 
whole population of Spain belongs to the Catholic Church. The 
Catholic is the religion of the state, and before the revolution of 
1868 all other forms of public worship were rigidly prohibited. The 
government has made efforts to improve public instruction. 

Historical Data. — Spain was once the first power in Europe and 
has still great natural resources and advantages for commerce, but 
it has sunk to a second-rate power through bad government. The 
present king, Alfonso XII., son of Isabella II., was proclaimed in 
1875. 

In the latter part of the fifteenth century the marriage of Ferdi- 
nand V., the Catholic, of Aragon, with Isabella of Castile, consoli- 
dated all Christian Spain into one kingdom. Ferdinand expelled 
the Jews from the Spanish soil, and organized the inquisition. The 
subjugation of the kingdom of Grenada, the last Moorish possession 
in Spain (1491-' 2), compelled the political consolidation of the king- 
dom; while the discovery and occupation of America soon raised 
Spain to the front rank among the powers of the earth. 



50 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WOBIJ). 



hz-^cr /Oscar II. 

I ^ m & \ Accession, Sept. 18, 1872. 

Sh St ?^°^_^,jBaronC, F. L. Hoch- 



g^ j jairs.) 



-< 



Is 



U.S. Minister Abroad, f Wm . w , Thomas, Jr. 
[Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, June 6, 1883. 

Foreign Minister in U.S., f Count Carl Lewenhaiipt. 

L (E. Rand MP.) \ Presented, May 8, 1876. 

Sweden and Norway are united under one dynasty since 1814. 
This union is " indissoluble and irrevocable, but without prejudice 
to the separate governments, constitution, or code of laws of either." 
The law of succession is the same in both. In case of absolute va- 
cancy of the throne, the two Diets assemble in one body for the 
purpose of filling the vacancy. The king resides alternately in each 
country. The government is a limited monarchy, hereditary in the 
male line. The king is required in Sweden to advise and consult with 
a Council of State, composed of ten members, two of whom, called 
Ministers of State, hold the portfolios of Justice and of Foreign Af- 
fairs, and eight of whom are called Councillors of State ; of the lat- 
ter, five are the chiefs respectively of the departments of Marine, 
War, Finance, Ecclesiastical Affairs, and the Interior, and the three 
have only consultative voices. The law making power is vested in 
a legislature, called the Diet, divided into an Upper and Lower 
Chamber. The members of the former are elected for nine years; 
those of the latter for three years. The Lutheran is the established 
church, but all sects are tolerated. Public instruction is gratuitous 
ancLcompulsory, and it is rare to meet with any one who can not 
read and write." Children who do not attend schools under govern- 
ment must furnish evidence of private education. 

Historical Data.— The early history of Sweden is confused and 
mythical. The greater part of it was ion.? in possession of the Goths. 
The political union of the Goths and Swedes was effected in 1250. 
Sweden, Norway, and Denmark formed a union which lasted more 
than one hundred years. Gustavus Adolphus reigned for twenty- 
one years (1611-1632). The greater part of his reign was spent in 
wars with Poland and Russia, and in the defence of Protestantism 
in Germany. The warlike career of Charles XII (1697-1718) well nigh 
reduced his country to ruin. During the succeeding fifty yean 
Sweden was involved in wars with Russia and Prussia. The present 
king, Oscar II., succeeded to the throne in 1872. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 51 

Vs«„ / Georgiosl. 

^ m & I Accession, June 6, 1863. 

State Minister, f 

{Minister of Foreign Af-\ (Not obtained.) 
fairs.) (. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Eugene Schuyler. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, July 7, 1878. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., j , XT . x 

. (EKandM.P.) '((None at present.) 

The National Assembly in 1863 elected as King of Greece, George I., 
son of the King of Denmark. The present constitution was framed 
in 1864. The throne is hereditary. The successors to the present 
king, who is a Lutheran, must belong to the Orthodox church. 
There is a single legislative Chamber, called the boule, whose mem- 
bers are elected for four years. The right of voting belongs to all 
citizens who are twenty-one years of age and have a property, a 
trade, or any fixed occupation. The executive power is exercised 
by the king through seven responsible ministers. The affairs of the 
church are under the direction of a permanent holy synod at Athens, 
consisting of five members appointed by the king from the archbish- 
ops and bishops, and presided over by the metropolitan of Athens. 
All their resolutions must be confirmed by the king. All religions 
are tolerated, and have freedom of public worship. Public and pri- 
vate primary schools are numerous. The national university at 
Athens has four faculties, theological, law, medical, and philoso- 
phical. 

Historical Data.— The present kingdom of Greece dates from 1832, 
the people, after an heroic struggle, having freed themselves from 
the Turkish yoke, by which they had been long oppressed. Twenty- 
three centuries ago Greece was the leading country of the world in 
civilization, literature, and art. Its present condition offers quite a 
contrast to its past. The ancient Greeks were celebrated above all 
other peoples for their valor and patriotism; and their poets, philos- 
ophers, orators, historians, architects, and sculptors have never been 
surpassed. 

Servia, Koumania, and Montenegro. 

These States were, until 1878, tributary to Turkey, but are now in- 
dependent. They are limited monarchies. 



52 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



II. IN ASIA. 

Indo-China, also called Chin-India and Farther India, embraces 
the whole of the eastern peninsula of Southern Asia except British 
Burniah. The native governments are despotic. Anam is the most 
populous kingdom of Indo-China, hut Siam is the largest and most 
progressive. In the latter country education is cared for and- Euro- 
pean improvements have been introduced to some extent. The in- 
terior of these countries is but little known to Europeans. 

Burmah, or Ava.—The government is a pure despotism, the sove- 
reign king being called boa. The descendants of subdued princea 
constitute the only hereditary nobility, and any subject may attain 
the highest offices. The judiciary, which administers a code" of laws 
derived from the institutes of Mann, is venal and cruel. 

Siam.— The government is theoretically a duarchy, but practically 
a monarchy. There is a second, or vice king, but the first, or senior 
king, is actual sovereign. Important laws arc made only after con- 
sulting the council of state and the ministry. The c< >untry is divided 
into forty-one provinces, each of which is governed by a p'hraya or 
council of the first class. There are also several tributary territories, 
which have their own princes. The king is bv title "possessor of 
all," and property and life are at his will. The queen consort, the 
wife supreme among hundreds, must be of native and royal blood. 
She never becomes regent, or takes any part in political affairs, but 
is treated with the highest deference. The second king has also a 
separate palace. His position seems to be that of counsellor, not <>i 
co-ruler or successor. 

The history of Siam dates back some centuries before Christ, but is 
deemed authentic only from 1350. The recent kings of Siam have 
been remarkable for their attainments in languages and general in- 
formation, adoption of foreign ideas and improvements, and liberal 
and enlightened intercourse with foreigners and foreign powers. 

Anam.— Anam is governed by a monarch with absolute power 
The officials form a distinct nobility. The early history of Anam is 
involved in obscurity. The Portuguese were "the first Europeans 
who resided there. Their religion is professedly Buddhism, but they 
are not a religious people. Their social customs are similar to those 
of the Chinese. 



III. IX AFRICA. 

ABYSSINIA. 

Abyssinia is a country of eastern Africa, inhabited by a barbarous 
and warlike people belonging mostly to the Caucasian" race. They 
profess a form of Christianity, but are addicted to many revolting 
practices. The government is an absolute despotism, ruled by va- 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 53 

rious chiefs of tribes or petty kings. The country is in a barbarous 
condition, and has little or no commerce. 

Coptic Christianity is the prevailing faith, but the people generally 
are superstitious, sensual, and addicted to bloodshed. Education, 
exceedingly meagre, is confined to those intended for the church. 

Abyssinian history begins with traditions concerning the queen of 
Sheba, who is said to have visited Solomon from her court at Axoom. 
All subsequent legitimate rulers of the nation have claimed to be 
descended from her. The reign of Caleb of Axoom, who subjugated 
Yemen in 522, is the golden age of Abyssinian history ; but in the 
seventh century the Mohammedans invaded Egypt, and for nearly 
one thousand years Ethiopia was practically isolated. About 1492 
the Portuguese' opened communication with the country, finding it 
ruled by a monarch under the title of negus (king) ; and in 1541 they 
interfered in its affairs by sending the first European military expe- 
dition into Abyssinia, to take part in a war with Adal. The authority 
of thenegus was maintained until about the middle of the eighteenth 
century, when the sway of the great provinces fell to various inde- 
pendent chiefs. In 1855 the chieftain of a predatory band, and sub- 
sequently so famous as King Theodore, made himself master of 
Abyssinia. He was crowned king of the kings of Ethiopia, and 
Teigned tolerantly till 1860, when in consequence of the death of his 
first wife, and other causes, he became bloodthirsty and tyrannical. 
In 186S the British invaded the country and captured the fortress of 
the king, who committed suicide. In 1872 Prince Kassai was crowned 
King of Abyssinia under the name of Johannes. An Egyptian inva- 
sion (1875-'6) was successfully resisted. 



MADAGASCAR. 

The people of Madagascar are derived from a variety of stocks. 
The two great divisions of the people are into black and olive, the 
former occupying the western slope of the island, and the latter the 
eastern. 

The population is also distinguished into four political or geo- 
graphical sections: the Hovas, the Sakalavas, the Betsileos, and the 
Betsimasarakas. The Hovas have made themselves the dominant 
tribe within the present century. The government of the Hovas is 
a despotism, modified by customs which have the force of law. The 
succession to the crown* is hereditary in the royal family, but the 
reigning sovereign designates his successor at pleasure. Females are 
not excluded from the throne. 

The Madagascans have no records of their history, but there is 
Teason to believe that an extinct race preceded the present popula- 
tion ; nothing is known of them, except that they were conquered 
by invaders and in time exterminated. The existence of the island 
was first made known to Europeans by Marco Polo at the close of 
the thirteenth century. The Portuguese, the French, and the Eng- 



54 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

lish made ineffectual attempts to colonize it in the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries. At the beginning of the present century 
Madagascar was divided into several independent states, one of the 
most powerful was the kingdom now peopled by the Hovas. In 1818 
the London Missionary Society sent missionaries, accompanied by 
artisans to instruct the people. The death of the king in 1828 put a 
stop to the advance of Madagascar. In 1835 the missionaries were 
driven from the island. Radama II. became king in 1861, and pro- 
claimed liberty to all religions. The English missionaries returned, 
and Christianity made rapid progress. Three years afterward the 
king was murdered, and his widow was made sovereign. She was a 
heathen, but preserved liberty of worship. This queen died in 1868, 
and was succeeded by her sister, Rasoherina II., who is now queen. 
She publicly professed Christianity, and has exerted her influence 
for the advancement of education. 



ASHANTEE. 

The government of Ashantee is an absolute despotism. Slavery 
and polygamy exist, and human sacrifices characterize the religion. 
It was first heard of by Europeans about the beginning of the pres- 
ent century. The British on the Gold Coast have been repeatedly 
engaged in conflicts with the Ashantees, arising out of the incursions 
into the territory, and especially in 1823-'4 and 1873-'4. In 1873 an 
expedition from England, under Sir Garnet WoLseley invaded the 
kingdom and defeated their army with great loss. The Ashantees 
were forced to a humiliating peace. 



DAHOMY. 

The government is a pure despotism. There are properly two 
kings, the city king and the bush king, each having his throne, 
court, army, officers, and customs. The city king is the only one 
generally known to Europeans. He has entire control over the lives 
and liberties of his subjects, who invest him with the attribu 
diety. He has usually from 3,000 to 4,000 wives, and his body-guard 
is composed entirely of women. All property belongs to the 
reign, and when a chief dies the king inherits his title and posses- 
sions. About the beginning of this century the King of Dahoray 
ruled over a large part of the Guinea coast, but since the suppr 
of the slave trade he has gradually declined in importance. In 1 >■ "> 1 
the English forced a treaty prohibiting the slave trade, abolishing 
human sacrifices, and securing the freedom of commerce and the 
liberty to diffuse Christianity. This treaty was disregarded after the 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 55 

accession of King Gelele, in 1858, and new complications arose with 
the English. 

The Dahomans are cowardly, cruel, and given to lying, cheating, 
and drunkenness. The women are plain and comparatively large 
and strong ; they perform all the labors of the house and the field, 
with the assistance of slaves, the sole occupation of the free men in 
time of peace being hunting and fishing. Tattooing is practiced to 
some extent by both sexes, and the men paint themselves in red and 
white stripes. The Dahomans recognize a supreme deity, but wor- 
ship only minor deities, all of whom are connected with some mate- 
rial object. 



56 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



IV. IN OCEANICA. 



Km £- \ Accession, Feb. 12, 1874. 



4/4 1 



State Minister, 

{Minister of Foreign Af-\ W. L. Grim. 

fairs.) 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Kollin 31. Daggett. 

( Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, July ! . 

Foreign Minister in U. S., J Mr. H. A. P. Carter. 



p 
m 

- 

X 

H 

< 
M 

«L (E.E.andM. P.) \ Presented, 

The Sandwich Islands constitute the kingdom of Hawaii. The 
people are partially civilized and Christianized. These islands form 
an independent nation governed by a king. The executive power 
is vested in the king, and the legislative power is given to a parlia- 
ment. A voter must be able to read and write, must pay his taxes, 
and have an income of 875 a year. In 1864 the ascending king placed 
a qualification on the right of suffrage and on eligibility to the leg- 
islature. 

The governors of the four largest islands form a privy council to 
the king. The ministerial cabinet is composed of four members, at 
the head of which is the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Many impor- 
tant public positions are filled by native Americans. 

Historical Data.— At the time of Cook's visit (1778) they had aban- 
doned cannibalism, but were characterized by licentiousness and 
brutality, and living under the reign of terror imposed by the cruel 
tyranny of the tabu. The pure native race seems destined to disap- 

Eear, and the half-caste population is increasing rapidly. Education 
as been diffused among the Hawaiians to an extent perhaps unex- 
ampled elsewhere. The people are liberal in their various religious 
views. Several newspapers in Hawaiian and English are sustained. 
After the arrival in 1820 of the first missionaries from America, the 
islands rapidly assumed the appearance of a civilized country. In 
1822 the language was reduced to writing, and since that time more 
than two hundred works have been published in it. 

The Spaniards knew the islands more than a century before their 
re-discovery by Captain Cook, Hawaii being called Mesa. Cook 
named them Sandwich Islands, after Lord Sandwich, then first lord 
of the admiralty. 



SECTION IV. 

SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION.^ Continued.) 

EMPIRES. 

I. IN SOUTH AMEKICA. 

Emperor. I 1 * 0111 Pedro II. 

' I Accession, April 7, 1831. 

State Minister, f 

{Minister of Foreign Af-\ Pedro Luiz Percira. 

fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Tkos. A. Osborii. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, May 19, 1881. 

ForeignMinisterinU.S./ Sefio j; i f- +a ^ do Amaral 
(A-dJCP.) i «ed, Oct. 24, 1882. 

The legislative power is vested in a Senate of fifty-eight members, 
elected for life, and a Chamber of Deputies, one hundred and twenty- 
two members, chosen for four years by indirect suffrage involving a 
property qualification. 

The executive power is vested in the emperor and his Ministers 
and his Secretaries of State. For administrative purposes the Bra- 
zilian empire is divided into twenty provinces, comprising six hun- 
dred and forty-two municipalities, each having a council chosen di- 
rectly by citizens possessed of an annual income of $112. Free public 
schools supported by the state exist throughout the empire, and in 
some of the provinces instruction is compulsory. The Roman Cath- 
olic religion is established, other forms being tolerated, though they 
may only be practiced privately, and dissenters enjoy civil rights, 
except that of election to the General Assembly. 

Historical Data.— -Brazil is the only monarchy in America. It was 

(57) 



s 



58 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

first occupied by the French in 1558 ; afterwards fell into Portuguese 
possession; then, pa&sing under Spanish rule, reverted to Portugal 
in 1640. In 1807, when Napoleon declared war against Portugal, 
John VI. took refuge with his family in Brazil. This event was at- 
tended by important modifications in the colonial administration ; 
restrictions upon commerce were removed ; the ports were thrown 
open to the shipping of all friendly nations ; and on the fall of Na- 
poleon, in 1815, Brazil was raised to the rank of a kingdom. Brazil 
declared itself an empire in 1822, and Dom Pedro I. was crowned 
emperor. A constitution was adopted in 1824. Disputes having 
arisen between the emperor and the Chamber of Deputies, the for- 
mer abdicated in 1831 in favor of his son, Pedro II., then in his sixth 
year. The country was governed by a regency till 1841, when the 
emperor was declared to have attained his majority, and was 
crowned. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 59 



II. IN EUKOPE. 
'Emperor-King.{ WUliellu * 



Accession, Jan. 18, 1871. 



State Minister, f 



(Premier Chancellor and 1 Prince Otto YOli Bisniark. 

Minister Foreign Affairs.) {. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Aaron A. Sargent. 

{E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed March 2, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S., fCapt.C.Ton Eisendecker. 

L {E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, Feb. 14, 1883. 

The Empire of Germany is a union of twenty-five sovereign states, 
consisting of four kingdoms, six grand duchies, five duchies, seven 
principalities, and three free towns. Alsace-Lorraine, ceded by 
France at the close of the War of 1870-71, forms a twenty-sixth mem- 
ber of the confederation, but is governed by imperial authority. 

Germany is a constitutional monarchy, the emperor exercising 
imperial p'ower in the name of the twenty- five confederated states. 
The Bundesrath, or Federal Council, has fifty-nine members ap- 
pointed for each session by the governments of the several states. 
The Reichstag, or House of Representatives, has three hundred and 
ninety-seven members, elected for three years by universal suffrage 
—every German of twenty-one years being an elector. The sessions 
of the legislature are annual, and every law must receive a majority 
of the whole number of members of both Houses, and the sanction 
of the emperor. 

Military service is compulsory upon every German capable of bear- 
ing arms. Public school attendance is compulsory, and in educa- 
tion Germany stands at the head of the countries of Europe. The 
universities are celebrated. 

The postal and telegraphic departments are managed conjointly 
by the government. 

"Protestantism is professed by sixty-three per cent, of the popula- 
tion, Roman Catholicism by thirty-seven per cent. The Protestants 
of the state churches are divided into Lutheran and German Re- 
formed church, or united under the name of Evangelical church. 

Historical Data.— Germany, for several centuries after the time of 
Charlemagne, was one of the greatest powers of Europe. Her rulers 
were not only kings of Germany but emperors of " the Holy Roman 
Empire," revived by Charlemagne. The power of the empire grad- 



60 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

ually declined, until the time of the Reformation, when once more 
Germany became the ruling power of Europe under Charles V., who 
united the crowns of Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, and Naples. 
But the germs of civil and political dissensions contained in the Re- 
formation began to be developed. The Thirty Years War (1618-'48) 
left the imperial authority completely shattered. For long, Germany 
was merely a maze of petty despotisms. At last the French Revolu- 
tion prostrated the tottering fabric of the German empire. Under 
the protectorate of Napoleon, nearly the whole of Germany, with 
the exception of Austria and Prussia, was reduced to a state of 
French vassalage. The independence of the country was re- 
lished by the coalition of 1813-'15 and a confederation was formed 
by all those states which had maintained their sovereignty during 
the Napoleonic troubles. The French revolutions of 1830, and of 
1848, caused the German princes to yield to the popular demands. 
A disagreement between Austria and Prussia resulted in a war 
(1866), in which Prussia was entirely successful. The war secured 
the reconstruction of Germany on an entirely new basis. 

The Franco-Prussian War occurred in 1870-'71. France and Prus- 
sia had long been jealous of each other. Leopold, of Hohenzollern, 
a relative of the King of Prussia, became a candidate for the Span- 
ish throne. France objected, and both sides began operations at 
once, July, 1870. This terrific contest was soon over. The French 
were beaten everywhere, and finally Napoleon surrendered to King 
William, at Sedan, Sept. 2. Paris endured the horrors of a prolonged 
siege, but was forced to surrender Jan. 28, 1871. (See also France.) 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 61 



t? / Fiv nz Joseph I. 

Emperor, j * Accession, Dec. 2, 1848. 

State Minister, f 

{Minister of the Imperial* Baron yon Haynierle. 

House and Foreign Affairs.) ( 

U. S. Minister Abroad, / Alphonso Taft. 

(E. E. and M. P.) I Appointed, April 26, 1882. 

ForeignMinisterinU.S. r Baron I^natz von Schaef- 

(X K and M. P.) \ p J^ ^^ ?> ^ 

The legislative feody, or Reichsrath, consists of the House of Lords 
nominated by the Emperor, consisting partly of life members and 
partly of hereditary nobles ; and a House of Representatives, three 
hundred and fifty-three members, elected by all citizens who pos- 
sess a small property qualification. 

Hungary has a Reichstag, consisting of a House of Magnates for 
high officers and peers of the kingdom, and a House of Representa- 
tives elected for three years. The sovereign (the Austro-Hungarian 
Emperor) is styled King of Hungary. Since 1867 the Austro-Hun- 
garian Monarchy comprises five countries, each bearing the name of 
kingdom. About two-thirds of the population profess the Roman 
Catholic religion. Education receives great attention, and is open 
to all at small cost, or even gratuitously. All children from six t» 
twelve are bound to attend the common schools. 

Historical Data.— On the return of Napoleon from Elba, Austria 
joined the fifth coalition against him, and, after the second^ethrone- 
ment of the French emperor, a new union was formed by the Ger- 
man States called the Germanic Confederation. .For the'next fifty 
years Austria exerted a powerful influence in the affairs of Europe, 
and more especially in the German Confederation. There was not 
much alteration in the policy of the government. Discontent in- 
creased in Hungary, Bohemia, and other provinces. In the revolu- 
tionary movement of 1848, the citizens of Vienna rose, and the Em- 
peror and his court fled. Confusion prevailed everywhere. After a 
siege Vienna was retaken. Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his 
young nephew. Francis Joseph, who was declared Emperor in De- 
cember, 1848. In the quarrel between Victor Emmanuel and the 
Emperor, in 1859, Napoleon III. hastened to the assistance of his ally, 
and the Austrians were severely punished in the brilliant battles of 
Magenta and Solferino. After the disastrous campaign of 1866 against 
Prussia, Austria began a new and purer political life. Hungary has 
obtained a legislature of her own, and Francis Joseph is the most 
popular sovereign in Europe. 



62 Governments of the world. 



n f Alexander III. 

Czar - \ Accession, March, 1881. 

State /linister, f 

{Minister of Foreign AfA Prince Gortcliarow. 

U. SwKpiister Abroad, / >Vm. H. Hunt. 
[KRand M. P.) \ Appointed, April 12, 1882. 

foreign Minister in U. S. /.Mr. Chas. cle Struve. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, April 11, 1882. 

The government of Russia is an absolute hereditary monarchy. 
The will of the Czar is law, the whole legislative, executive, and ju- 
dicial power being united in him. "There are, however, certain 
rules of government which the sovereigns of the present reigning 
house have acknowledged as binding. The chief of these is the law 
of succession to the throne, which is to be that of regular descent, 
by the right of primogeniture, with preference of male over female 
heirs. The administration of the empire is entrusted to four great 
councils possessing separate functions, but centering in the private 
cabinet of the emperor. The first of these is the Council of the Em- 
pire. It consists of a president, and an unlimited number of mem- 
bers apointed by the emperor. The second is the Directing Senate ; 
the third is the Holy Synod, which is composed of the principal dig- 
nitaries of the church. And the fourth is the Council of Ministers, 
which is divided into eleven departments, viz : The Ministry of the 
Imperial House, of Foreign Affairs, of War, of the Navy, of "the In- 
terior, of Public Instruction, of Finance, of Justice, of the Imperial 
Domains, of Public Works and Railway, and of General Comptrol." 

The religion is that of the Greek Church. The masses are not ed- 
ucated, and until 1863 were mostly serfs, or slaves, owned by noble- 
men or large landholders. 

Historical Data.— The early history of Russia is unimportant. In 
the thirteenth century it was overrun by the Tartars underthe great 
Genghis Khan. The invaders held the country for a long time, and 
the Russian Dukes were considered vassals of the Tartar Khans. 
Ivan III. (14G2-1505) reduced the Mongols to subjection. Peter the 
Great first gave Russia a name in history. Seeing the ignorance and 
barbarity of his subjects, he set about civilizing them. . He went to 
Holland and studied ship-building, working as a day laborer. He 
traveled over Europe, carefully studying the laws and customs of 
the people. He returned to Russia and at once began the reorgan- 
ization of the internal affairs of his empire. " Charles XII. of Swe- 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORM). 63 

den (' the madman of the North ') invaded Russia after having de- 
feated the Poles and Danes. He attacked a force of Russians ten 
times his own army at Narva (1700) and totally defeated them. Charles 
haughtily refused to negotiate for peace. He penetrated into Russia 
and laid siege to Pultowa where he was totally defeated. He lost 
his entire army and fled to Turkey with three hundred followers." 
Peter continued successfully the herculean task of civilizing his rude 
subjects. 

Russia, during the present century, has had a number of very able 
Czars ; and as the Czar is all-powerful, these rulers have been able 
to advance the country very much. At the present time*numerous 
railroads are in process of construction, education andjKHrature are 
taking root, and there is a stir of real life and progres§TflTlussia. 



64 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



Ph 



Bnl . _ / Audul-Hainid-Khaii. 

ouuan " I Accession, Aug. 31, 1876. 

State Minister, 

(Minister of Foreign Af- -j Mustapha assim Pasha. 

/airs.) 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f Lewis Wallace. 

(Minister Resident.) \ Appointed, July 13, 1882. 

Foreign Minister in U. S. f Tewiik Pasha. 



L/--J Mustapha ass 



I (E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, 



Turkey is a monarchy of Southeastern Europe and Western Asia. 
The government is a constitutional monarchy since 1876, the Sultan 
being the responsible sovereign, convoking and dissolving the Gen- 
eral Assembly at his pleasure. The ministers are responsible to the 
Chamber of Deputies ; the Senate are nominated for life by the Sul- 
tan, and the deputies elected by secret ballot, one to every 150,000 
males. The religion of the Turks is Mohammedanism. They are far 
behind the rest of Europe in civilization. 

Historical Data. — The Empire of the Turks is properly an Asiatic 
power (it has double the amount of territory in Asia that it has in 
Europe), with a foothold in Europe and in Africa, and its capital at 
Constantinople. The Turks belong to the Mongolian type, and came 
from Asia in the fifteenth century ; they are the ruling race, though 
they constitute but a small part of the population, the majority of 
the people being Slavonians, Greeks, etc. 

The Asiatic element appears markedly in the domestic arrange- 
ments of the wealthier Turks. They appropriate to their women 
certain apartments, which no stranger may enter; and they practice 
polvgamy agreeably to the Koran, which allows four wives to each 
" true believer " rich enough to keep them. Turkey is the only part 
of Europe where the women, on going out, muffle up their faces so 
as to conceal all but their eyes, and where men walk about in loose, 
flowing robes and sit crossdegged 

The people have suffered much from the effects of bad govern- 
ment. The Turkish government, or Sublime Porte, down to Decem- 
ber, 1876, was an absolute monarchy ; but in that year a constitution 
was granted, and a General Assembly, consisting of two Houses, was 
established. , 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 65 

m. W ASIA. 

Emperor. {K—gShn. ^.^^^^ 

State Minister, f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ Prince Kung. 
fairs.) I 

U. S. Minister Abroad, f J. Russell Young. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, March 15, 1882. 

Foreign Minis ter in U.S. /Mr. Cheng Tsao Ju. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Presented, Dec. 31, 1881. 

China lias of late years opened diplomatic and commercial inter- 
course 'with other nations. It includes Thibet, Mongolia, and Man- 
churia, besides China proper. The government is a patriarchial 
despotism, the emperor being an autocrat, whose sway is limited 
only by the sacred right of rebellion. The exclusiveness -which long 
made China as a sealed book is slowly giving way, and the empire 
now sends its ministers to the United States, England, France, Ger- 
many, Russia, Spain, the West Indies, and Japan ; but the Chinese 
government still refuses to open the empire to railroads and tele- 
graphs, and destroyed in 1877 the first and only railway laid in the 
empire ; and only fourteen of its numerous ports are open to foreign 
trade. There exists no law of hereditary succession to the throne, but 
it is left to each sovereign to appoint his successor from among the 
members of his family. The present ruler is but twelve years old. ■ 
The government lies in the hands of the emperor and his appointed 
council. The administration of the empire is under the direction 
of the Interior Council Chamber, comprising four members, two of 
Tartar and two of Chinese origin, besides two assistants from the 
Hanlin, or Great College. 

Historical Data.— China has a very ancient civilization, dating back 
to at least 2000 B. C. The religion of the country is Confucianism, 
from Confucius, its founder. Many of the great inventions were 
made independently by the Chinese, as the mariner's compass and 
gunpowder. They have long practiced arts which are of compara- 
tively recent origin in other countries. They have a literature which 
reaches back many centuries, and claim to trace their history back 
30,000 years. Their language is peculiar, having a character for 
every word, and is written up and down the page. The boys are 
taught to read and write, but the girls are not educated. 
(5) 



3< 



66 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 



Mikado .{Mut S uHito. AccessionFeb . 13!l867 . 

State Minister, f 

(Minister of Foreign Af-\ Hon. Enouye Kaoru. 
fairs.) (. 

U. S. Minister Abroad, / John A. Bingham. 

(E. E. and M. P.) \ Appointed, May 31, 1873. 

„ . ,... . A . tt a <■ Joshtt Terashima Mune- 

Foreign Minister in U. «., f ;nor j 

{E. E. and M. P.) \ p re8 ented, Oct. 24, 1882. 

Japan is an empire of eastern Asia, ruled by a Mikado, aided by a 
great council, and without a legislative body. It is an absolute mon- 
archy. The present system of government was adopted in 1869. The 
power of the Mikado is absolute, in temporal as well as spiritual af- 
fairs. He acts through an executive ministry, divided into eight 
departments. At the side of the ministry stands the Senate, com- 
posed of thirty members and the Council of State, of an unlimited 
number of members ; both nominated by the Mikado. The Great 
Council, which carries on the work of the government, is in three 
sections, denominated Centre, Right, and Left. There exists no reg- 
ular law of succession to the throne, but in case of the Mikado s 
death, the crown devolves on either the eldest or most distinguished 
member of his house. , , . 

Historical Data.— The Empire of Japan consists of four large is- 
lands, and about 4,000 small ones, lying east of Asia, and separated 
from the mainland chiefly by the Japan Sea. The people are of the 
same race and religion as the Chinese, but speak a different lan- 
guage and are rather more intelligent and progressive. They once 
excluded foreigners, but now trade with other nations, particularly 
the United States and Great Britain, and have introduced railroads, 
telegraphs, schools, newspapers, etc. Some of their young men are 
being educated in the United States, and expect to go back to teach 
their fellow-countrymen. «««-. 

Japan, like China, kept itself aloof for ages from other nations. 
Some trade was allowed with China and with the Dutch in one port, 
but the government studiously kept the common people from any 
intercourse with foreigners. In 1854 the United States sent a large 
naval expedition, under command of Commodore Perry , who induced 
the Japanese government to make a treaty by which two ports were 
opened for trade.and by which the United States consuls were allowed 
to reside in Japan. A'little later similar privileges were allowed to 
England, France, and Russia. The present Mikado ascended the 
throne in 1867. 



GOVERNMENTS OP THE WORLD. 67 

TURKEY-IX-ASIA (with Arabia). 

{See also Turkey-in- Europe.) 

Asiatic Turkey comprises the western part of Asia, and includes 
the seat of many ancient nations, among which are Phoenicia, the 
Holy Land, the States of Asia Minor, Assyria, Babylonia, and Chaldea. 

Under modern Turkish rule, this region is divided into four prov- 
inces : Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, and Mesopotamia. The various 
races are separated from one another by language and religion. The 
majority are Mohammedans — mainly Turks in Asia Minor, and 
Arabs in the provinces to the south ; the Christians are mostly Greeks 
and Armenians. 

Asiatic Turkey is the most important part of the Ottoman Empire. 
It is divided into provinces, which are governed by pachas appointed 
by the Sultan. The arbitrary and oppressive nature of the govern- 
ment has reduced it to utter poverty and degradation. 

Arabia embraces several independent States, governed by despots 
called Sultans. About five-sixths of the population live in towns and 
villages; the remainder are tribes of plundering nomads, called Be- 
douins. The heads of the tribes are called sheiks. Hence, Arabia 
has no central government. A strip along the coast of the Red Sea, 
including Mecca and Medina, belongs to Turkey. In the southern 
part are two organized native States, called Oman and Yemen. 

The Arabs are devout believers in the religion of Mohammed, 
their great religious teacher, who lived in the sixth century, and 
wrote his doctrines in the Koran, the sacred book of his followers. 
All " true believers " are enjoined to visit Mecca, his birth-place, at 
least once in their lives. Caravans of pilgrims, from all parts of 
Arabia, from eastern Asia, and from northern Africa, resort each 
year to Mecca for the purpose of combining trade with religion. 



TURKESTAN (Kussian). 

This is a country of vast plains, lying east of the Caspian Sea, in- 
habited by wandering tribes, and under the control of Russia. The 
native rulers are continued, but only as vassals of Russia. 



PERSIA. 

The Shah of Persia is Nassr-ed-deen. The government is a despot- 
ism. The monarch, known as the Shah, is uncontrolled by any con- 
stitutional checks. The civil law is administered by the mollahs, or 
priests, and criminal cases are referred to courts appointed by the 
State. The governors of provinces and high officials in their respect- 
ive jurisdictions are nearly absolute, and this despotism and the 
consequent insecurity of life and property retard the advancement 



68 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

of the country in spite of the intelligence and enterprize of the peo- 
ple. Each province provides for the expenses of its own government, 
and also pays a fixed amount to the Shah. 

Persia was overrun and conquered by the Mongols in 1258, and by 
Tanimerlane toward the close of the fourteenth century. The Af- 
ghans conquered it in 1722, and ruled it for seven years, till they 
were expelled by the celebrated Nadir Shah, who, in 1736, himself 
ascended the throne. 

Considerable progress has recently been made in Persia ; railroads 
and telegraphs have been introduced, and efforts to promote educa- 
tion have been made. The prevailing religion is a form of Moham- 
medanism. 

The present Shah, Nassr-ed-deen, became the sovereign in 1848. 



IV. IN AFEICA. 
MOROCCO. 

Morocco is an independent absolute monarchy, under a sultan or 
emperor. The present emperor is Muley-Hassan, who became ruler 
in 1873. The inhabitants may be divided into five classes, Berbers, 
Arabs, Moors, Jews, and negroes. They are, in general, barbarous 
and fierce, but not ferocious or bloodthirsty, as they have sometimes 
been represented. The dominant religion is Mohammedanism. Ed- 
ucation is at a low ebb. 

While the sultan, in his spiritual character of emir of the believers, 
is venerated by all the Mohammedans of the west, his temporal au- 
thority extends practically only over the cities and the plains. A 
large part of the southern slope of the Atlas is virtually independent. 



SECTION V. 

SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION .— ( Continued.) 

TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS. 

I. IN ASIA. 

Southern Arabia.— This consists mostly of a barren plateau, inhab- 
ited by wandering people called Bedouins, who are divided into 
tribes governed by sheiks, or chiefs. The two organized native states 
forming the tribal government of Arabia are Oman and Yeman, des- 
potisms. [For additional data, see " Turkey-in-Asia (with western 
Arabia)," page 67]. 

Afghanistan and Beloochistan.— These countries embrace various 
independent khanats, inhabited by a settled population ; but the ma- 
jority of the people consists of fierce, wandering, and warlike tribes, 
who depend for subsistence mainly on their herds of horses, goats, 
asses, and camels. They are named respectively, Afghans and Be- 
loochees. They are Mohammedans. The tribes of Beloochistan are 
subject to the Khan of Kelat. The country is mostly a barren wil- 
derness. Afghanistan is noted for its frequent and cruel civil wars. 
It is important because it commands the approaches to India from 
the northwest. A struggle between the Afghans and Great Britain 
has resulted in the occupation of Cabul, the capital, by the latter. 
The sovereign, or Ameer, of Cabul, is recognized as the head of the 
Afghan tribes. 

It IN AFEICA. 

The Sahara.— This is a vast plain in the northern part covered 
with sand, with here and there fertile spots called oases. It is almost 
a rainless region. This Great Desert occupies about one-fourth of 
Africa, and is more than half as large as the United States. It is a 
region of intense heat in summer, containing a few scattered inhab- 



70 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

itants, who wander with their herds from oasis to oasis, and plun- 
der the caravans whe.n opportunity offers. The people are similar in 
their habits to the Bedouin Arabs. They comprise several tribes, 
Moors, Tuaregs, and Teboos, ruled'by Sheiks. 



Soudan and Equatorial Africa.— This is r. broad fertile belt cross- 
ing the continent south of the Great Desert. It contains a large 
number of populous, semi-barbarous states. Most of the inhabitants 
are Mohammedans, the rest Pagans. The religion of the Pagan ne- 
groes combines a belief in evil spirits, witchcraft, and magic charms, 
and is known as Fetichism. The government is tribal, under Sheiks. 
Soudan means the Land of the Blacks. The population of this part of 
Africa numbers many millions, and is divided between the ra< 
pure negro blood and the Fellatahs. Fellatahs are a mixed race, 
partly of negro and partly of Berber descent, and are superior to the 
negroes in the scale of civilization. The negro tribes cultivate the 
soil in a rude manner; they make iron weapons and implements; 
they weave and dye cotton cloth, and manufacture mats and other 
articles of household use. The women do most of the work, while 
fighting, hunting, and fishing are the principal occupations of the 
men. The negroes have no written lauguage, no books, and no 
schools ; hence they are ignorant and superstitious. . 

Of the equatorial regions south of Soudan, little was known before 
Stanley's explorations in 1877 ; vast tracts are still unexplored. The 
natives generally are ferocious savages. Some of the tnbes are can- 
nibals, t 



Senegambia.— This is the region watered by the rivers Senegal and 
Gambia. It is governed by native tribes, and forms European trad- 
ing stations. 



Zanqnebar.— This word means land of the negro. The tribes of the 
interior are independent, while those on the coast acknowledge the 
authority of the Sultan of Zanzibar. The dominions of this prince 
consist of several islands, and his residence is at Zanzibar, on an 
island of the same name. 

The form of government is a sultanate, the chief ruler being called 
sultan. It forms a separate sovereignty under Arab rule. 



SECTION VI. 
COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. 

I. IN NOETH AMEEICA. 

Greenland and Iceland. — Danish America is the name usually 
given to Greenland and Iceland, both the countries heing posses- 
sions of the kingdom of Denmark. 

Greenland. — There are about three hundred European inhabit- 
ants, mostly Danes. The natives are Esquimaux or half-breeds. 
Those in the south have given up their wandering habits and em- 
braced Christianity. Danish directors govern the several districts. 
The profits of all the trade go to the King of Denmark. 

Greenland received its name because the southern part looked 
green and fertile to the first comers from Iceland, about nine hun- 
dred years ago. The climate was then much milder than at present, 
and vegetation was more abundant. Settlers were attracted from 
Iceland, and at one time Greenland contained flourishing farms and 
villages. But pestilence, attacks from Esquimaux, and a hostile 
fleet from Europe, soon destroyed the colonists, and in the time of 
Columbus little was known in Europe of this northern land. 

Iceland.— The greater part is uninhabitable, being covered with 
glaciers, lava-fields, and rough mountain masses. By a new consti- 
tution, granted to the Icelanders in 1874, they are invested with the 
right of making their own laws and administering affairs of the 
island. 



Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland.— Canada embraces seven 
provinces, besides the vast Northwest and Northeast Territories, and 
the District of Keewatin. The provinces are British Columbia, Man- 
itoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince 
Edward Island. 

The executive authority is vested in the British sovereign, repre- 
sented by the Governor-General, whom that sovereign appoints. The 
Governor-General acts under the advice of a Privy Council, selected 
by himself. The law-making power resides in a Parliament, com- 
posed of a Senate and a House of Commons. Senators are appointed 



(71) 



72 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

by the Governor-General. Members of the House of Commons are 
elected by the people. 

The local affairs of each province are regulated by a Legislature 
and a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Governor-General. 
A Lieutenant-Governor is also appointed for the Northwest Terri- 
tories. 

Historical Data.— The French were the first to settle Canada. They 
called it New France. James Cartier was its earliest explorer. Cham- 
plain, " the Father of New France," founded Quebec in 1608, Bailed 
up the St. Lawrence, and penetrated to the lake since called by his 
name. 

The English claimed the country by right of prior discovery, and 
a long war was carried on with the French for its possession (.17.V1- 
1763). At length the English triumphed, and Canada has ever since 
remained in their hands. The present Governor-General is the Earl 
of Lansdowne. 

Newfoundland.— This is a colony of Great Britain separate from 
Canada. In its government is included Labrador. Its government 
regulation is similar to that of the Dominion, organized in 1855. The 
proposition to join Canada has been several times voted down. 



II. IN SOUTH AMERICA. 

British Guiana, or Demerara.— The population is composed of 
blacks who work on the plantations, native Indians, and a few thou- 
sand white traders and planters from Great Britain. 

The government consists of a governor and a court of policy. 



French Guiana, or Cayenne.— The government has a privy coun- 
cil, with a colonial council elected by the colonists. After being 
twice in the possession of the English and once of the Dutch, it was 
restored to France in 1814. 

Dntch Guiana, or Surinam.— The colony receives an annual sub- 
sidy from Holland. The government is vested in a governor-general 
and council. After being several times taken by the English and 
restored, it was finally given up to Holland (1814). 



III. IN CENTRAL AMERICA. 
The Balize, or British Honduras.— This province, which is geo- 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORED. 73 

graphically included within Central America, belongs to Great Brit- 
ain, and is attached to the government of Jamaica. It was raised to 
the rank of a colony in 1862. The Lieutenant-Governor is appointed 
by the crown. The legislative power is vested in a council composed 
of seven magistrates elected annually by the people. Some British 
subjects, attracted by the abundance and excellence of the mahog- 
any and logwood, came from Jamaica and made the first permanent 
settlement. 



IV. IN WEST INDIES. 
GREATER ANTILLES. { Cu j*^*° Eic °' and 

Cuba, with the islands dependent upon it, forms the captaincy- 
general of La Habana, which is subject in all branches of the admin- 
istration to one authority, the representative of the Spanish sove- 
reignty, who has the unlimited power of a general in time of war, 
and is accountable only to the home government by which he is ap- 
pointed. He is assisted by an administrative council, also chosen 
by the supreme government, whose opinion is taken in certain cases, 
chiefly in matters of finance. Judicially the island is divided into 
two audiencias : the pretorial court of Havana and that of Santiago de 
Cuba. There are public schools, universities, and private academies. 

Most of the government administrators have been chiefly anxious 
to increase their own private fortunes, and their government has 
generally been very oppressive. For some years prior to 1860 the 
question of the annexation of Cuba frequently entered American 
politics. President Polk authorized the American minister at Mad- 
rid to offer $100,000,000 for the island ; but the proposition was re- 
jected. Filibustering expeditions were undertaken from the United 
States by Lopez, who in the last was captured and executed in Hav- 
ana. In 1854 the acquisition of Cuba by purchase or force if neces- 
sary, was advocated. Insurrections have been frequent, and all at- 
tempts on the part of Spain to crush them have been unavailing. 

Porto Rico.— This is the smallest and most easterly of the Greater 
Antilles, and belongs to Spain. Its colonial government is similar 
to that of Cuba. 

Jamaica.— This island belongs to Great Britain. The government 
is administered by a captain-general appointed by the crown, assisted 
by a privy council and a legislative council. There are a number of 
elementary schools and a college. The principal religious denom- 
inations are Episcopalians, Wesleyan Methodists, Baptists, and 
United Presbyterians. 

The island has belonged to England since 1655. After the passage 
of the act for the emancipation of slaves in 1833, revolts of the blacks 
were frequent. In 1865 a general uprising of the natives occurred, 
in which the most fearful atrocities were perpetrated. The rebellion 
was suppressed with much bloodshed. 



74 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

{Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, Guada- 
loupe, Martinique, and other 
islands. 

Santa Cruz belongs to Denmark and is tinder the control of that 
government. It has successively belonged to Holland, England, 
Spain, and France, which ceded fl to Denmark in 1733. 

St. Thomas is also subject to Denmark. A treaty for the annexa- 
tion of this island to the United states in 1867, though approved by 
the people of the island, failed in the United States Senate. 

Guadaloupe and Martinique.— These two islands belong to France. 
Guadaloupe has a governor, a privy council, and a general council. 
It exercises jurisdiction over several of the islands of the Lesser An- 
tilles, belonging to France. The French took possession of it in 1685, 
and after being repeatedly taken from and by them, it was ulti- 
mately restored to them in 1816. 

Martinique legislates for itself on duties and public works. The 
French colonized it in 1635. The British seized it at various times, 
but it was finally restored to the French. The others of the Lesser 
Antilles are subject to Great Britain. 



The Bahamas form a chain of about six hundred islands belonging 
to Great Britain. Only about fifteen are inhabited. The govern- 
ment is administered by a governor, aided by an executive council, 
There are legislative and representative councils. 



The Bermudas do not properly form part of the West Indies, being 
off the coast of the United States, but they may be best classed with 
that archipelago. They belong to Great Britain. 

The government consists of a governor and council appointed by 
the crown, and an assembly elected by the people. A penal colony 
has been established on the island. 



V. IN EUROPE. 

Gibraltar, on a rock of the same name, belongs to the English, who 
have held it since 1704. This rocky fortress commands the entrance 
to the Mediterranean. The most memorable siege of Gibraltar was 
that of 1779-'83, sustained against the combined land and naval 
forces of France and Spain. One thousand pieces of artillery were 
brought to play against the fortress, while forty-seven ships "of the 
line and innumerable smaller vessels menaced it by sea, and an 
army of forty thousand men conducted the operations on land The 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WOKLD. 75 

most dreadful cannonading known in history was opened on both 
sides. As the key to the Mediterranean, Gibraltar is of incalculable 
value to Great Britain. 

Malta is the headquarters of the English Mediterranean fleet. A 
hydraulic lift, completed in 1873, enables large Indiamen to be re- 
paired without discharging their cargoes. 

Malta is a crown colony, administered by a governor, who is also 
president or chief commander. He is assisted by a council of eigh- 
teen members, ten official and eight elected. 

Under Charles V. the Knights of Malta became its sovereigns, and 
they held it till 1798, when the French expedition to Egypt, under 
Bonaparte, seized the island. After the battle of the Nile, the Mal- 
tese rose against the French, who were blockaded in the fortress, 
when they surrendered to the English, who had come to the assis- 
tance of the Maltese. The islands were annexed to Great Britain by 
the treaty of Paris of 1814. 



Corsica was successively held by various powers from the ninth to 
the eleventh century, afterwards by Pisa, after a period of independ- 
ence by the popes, then again by Pisa, by Genoa, and Aragon, and 
again by Genoa from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. 
During a period of insurrection a German adventurer was proclaimed 
king in 1736, but was expelled two years after. The Corsicans after- 
ward gained independence under Paoli, who was defeated by the 
French in 1769. With English assistance he expelled them, and the 
island remained under English protection till 1796, when it was 
again subdued. In 1814 it was secured to France by treaty. 



The Balearic Isles belong to Spain, and are under that govern- 
ment. They form a group in the Mediterranean, tfrom fifty-six to 
one hundred and fifty-four miles from the mainland. 



Bulgaria is a province of European Turkey. Each village has its 
' mcjlis (court), consisting of a mayor and several members, before 
whom minor civil suits and offenses are settled. Since the close of 
the fourteenth century, the Bulgarians have borne the Turkish yoke, 
and with more resignation than any other Christian subjects of the 
Porte. In 1870 the Porte provided for a separate administration, to 
be called the exarchate of the Bulgarians. This was actually estab- 
lished in 1872, when the Bulgarian church council elected a first ex- 
arch. Slight attempts at insurrection were made in 1876, during the 
conflict in Herzegovina and Bosnia, but were speedily quelled by the 
Turks, the irregular troops and Circassian colonists committing 
frightful massacres in Bulgaria as well as in the adjoining districts. 



76 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

VI. IN ASIA. 

British Asia.— Great Britain has colonial governments in Hindo- 
stan, British Burrnah, Ceylon, Hong-Kong, Aden, Singapore, and 
Malacca. 



Hindostan, or India consists of the great southern peninsula and 
Che adjacent territories south of the Himalaya and west of Burmah 
and Siam, and forming a dependency of Great Britain. 

The chief executive authority of India is the Governor-General. 
Viceroy, appointed by the crown. He acts under the direction of 
the secretary of state* for India, a member of the British ministry, 
who is assisted by a council of fifteen persons. The law-making 
power is vested in the Governor-General in council, the latter con- 
sisting of six members. He appoints the chief executive officers of 
the provinces except Madras and Bombay, whose officers are ap- 
pointed directly by the crown. The British maintain in India a mil- 
itary force of more than 190,000 men, of whom over 60,000 are Euro- 
pean troops. The district is the unit of civil administration, the 
chief government officer in each being the magistrate and collector, 
who receives the revenue, and is generally responsible for the pub- 
lic welfare. 

A system of education, providing instruction for all classes, has 
been in progress of development since 1854. There are universities 
at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, each having affiliated colleges 
which fit university students for the higher examinations. There 
are also high schools, middle schools, and primary schools. 

The government endeavors not only to acquaint the natives with 
the English tongue, but also to diffuse a knowledge of European 
science, art, and philosophy by means of the native languages. There 
is an influential native press, and many books are published in va- 
rious tongues. 

The early history of India is shrouded in myth and fable. The 
conquest of rich provinces on the Indus by the Persians under Da- 
rius is the first event of which we have an authentic account in the 
history of India. Portugal was the first European nation to obtain 
territory in Hindostan. In 1613 the English East India Company re- 
ceived permission from the Mogul emperor to erect a factory there. 
England and France contested for possession in India, followed by a 
war with the Emperor of Delhi. In the war with Hyder Ali and his 
son and successor, Tippoo Sahib, the British gained extensive do- 
minions in India. In 1859 the transfer of the government of India 
from the East India Company to the direct authority of the British 
crown was effected. 



British Burmah.— The government of this province is administered 
by a chief commissioner. The country has prospered under British 
rule. [For data of Burmah, or Ava, a despotism of Farther India, 
see page 52.] 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 77 

Ceylon is an island in the Indian ocean, belonging to Great Britain. 
The government is administered by a governor, with executive and 
legislative councils. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Ro- 
mans. The ruins of ancient cities and the existence of an ancient 
record show that it was once settled by a people of energy and civil- 
ization. The Portuguese and the Dutch were successively expelled 
b>y the English. 

Hong-Kong, or Hiang-Eiang is a British colony in China, compris- 
ing the island of Hong-Kong and a part of the peninsula of Kooloon 
on the mainland opposite. 

The administration of the colony is in the hands of a governor, 
aided by an executive council. There is also a legislative council, 
over which the governor presides. It pays at present £20,000 an- 
nually to the British government. Hong-Kong was occupied by the 
British in 1841, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Nankin in 
1842. 



Aden is a fortified British seaport on the gulf of Aden. It is well 
-garrisoned, and is governed by an English political resident. It has 
from a remote period been an important commercial station on the 
route from Europe to India. The English took forcible possession 
of it in 1839. 

Singapore is a province of the British colony of the Straits Settle- 
ments (on the west side of the Malay peninsula). In 1824 the British 
received the sovereignty of the island. 



Malacca is also one of the Straits Settlements. The Portuguese 
held it for one hundred and thirty years, and the Dutch for one hun- 
dred and fifty-four years, surrendering it to a British besieging force 
in 1795. In 1818 it was restored to the Dutch ; but it reverted to the 
British in 1824. 

Lower Cochin China is. a French colony in the southern part of the 
Indo-Chinese peninsula. French Cochin China now consists of six 
provinces under the administration of a governor. 



Asiatic Russia comprises the extensive country of Siberia, with 
. Trans-Caucasia and Soongaria. 

Siberia occupies the whole of the great northern plain of Asia. The 
population is composed of various tribes and races. More than half 
are Russians or their descendants, of whom the greater part were 



78 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

sent as exiles. These exiles consist of three classes, criminals and 
political and religious offenders. The worst class are condemned to 
the mines, and those whose offenses are less are employed at less 
laborious work, while the rest are formed into settlements under the 
supervision of the police, and receive grants of land for cultivation. 
The Russian conquest of Siberia began about 1580. 

Trans-Caucasia is the name given to that part of the Russian Em- 
pire which lies south of the main ridge of the Caucasus range, the 
dividing line between Asia and Europe. The inhabitants comprise 
people of various races. The majority are Christians. Russia and 
Persia long struggled for its possession, the former gaining the su- 
premacy. The Circassians rose in arms against them, and carried on 
a sort of guerilla warfare. The Russians, however, finally defeated 
and subdued them. 

Soongaria is a region of central Asia, and belongs to Russia. It is 
under the government of the Russian governor-general. It was for- 
merly a province of China, and is one of the recent additions to the 
rapidly growing dominion of Russia in Asia. Lying between the 
ThianShan and the Altai Mountains, it politically and commercially 
commands the grand route of the caravan trade between China and 
Western Asia. 



VII. INAFKICA. 

Turkish Africa embraces Egypt, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca. 

Egypt occupies the lower portion of the Nile valley, reaching from 
the Mediterranean to the First Cataract, a distance of about five 
hundred and fifty miles. This constitutes Egypt proper; but Egypt- 
ian rule has of late been established over an extensive region to the 
south, comprising Lower Nubia, Sennaar, Dongola, Taka, Kordofan, 
the provinces of the White Nile and Khartoom, with the I 
southward to the equator. 

The government is a monarchy ; but is not quite independent, as 
the Khedive (that is, viceroy), must pay tribute to the Sultan of Tur- 
key. The present Khedive is Tewfik Pacha. 

Egypt is a country of vast antiquity, and the Egyptians are the 
oldest nation of which we have a recorded history". They were a 
highly civilized people at the time of Abraham, two thousand two 
hundred years before Christ. The ancient kingdom was overthrown 
by Alexander, and it remained under Greek rulers till it was sub- 
dued by the Romans. In the seventh century, A. D., it fell under 
the dominion of the Saracens, or Turks. The'whole < 
Nile is dotted with the remains of ancient monuments and woi 
art, such as tombs, pyramids, temples, obelisks, palaces, etc. The 
interiors of the tombs are frescoed in the most beautiful manner, 
and all the monuments are covered with picture-writing called hier- 
oglyphics. 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WOULD. 79 

Tunis is one of the Barbary States of northern Africa, and a pro- 
vince of Turkey. It was conquered by the Turks in 1574 ; but the 
Moors ultimately enforced their right of electing their own bey. 
Their piracies were chastised by the British, French, and Dutch, and 
various reforms have lately taken place. 

Tripoli is also one of the Barbary States, subject to the government 
of Turkey, and a pure despotism. Its ruler, selected by the Sultan 
of Turkey, is known as the bey. 

The present territory of Tripoli was taken by the Mohammedans 
in the seventh century. It afterward underwent many changes, and 
was finally conquered" by the Turks in 1551 from the Knights of St. 
John of Jerusalem, who had held it for twenty years. It was prac- 
tically independent under the Moorish chiefs, from 1713 to 1832, and 
is still so in its relations with foreign powers. A controversy be- 
tween Tripoli and the United States grew out of the practice of pir- 
acy by the Tripolitans early in the present century ; and after sev- 
eral conflicts in 1801-5, an American naval force in 1815 compelled 
reparation for the injuries inflicted upon our commerce. 

Barca is a country of northern Africa, bordering on the Mediter- 
ranean, Egypt, the Libyan desert, and Tripoli, of which it is a de- 
pendency. The inhabitants are mostly Arabs and Berbers. 



British Africa embraces Cape Colony, Sierra Leone, the Gold 
Coast, Natal, St. Helena, Ascension, and Mauritius. 

Cape Colony is a British possession comprising nearly all the Afri- 
can continent south of latitude 28° (south). Only a small portion of 
the whites are British, the great majority being Boers. 

The executive power is vested in the governor and an executive 
council appointed by the crown. The legislative power rests in a 
legislative council arid a house of assembly. The Dutch Reformed 
church includes the entire Dutch population and many of the col- 
ored inhabitants, and is the predominant sect. There is a good sys- 
tem of public education. In every district there are free schools 
sustained by government, and there are two colleges. 

The colony is held to be important for Great Britain because it is 
the key to the Indian Ocean, and forms a depot where troops can be 
collected and forwarded to India, the eastern archipelago, and Aus- 
tralia. For administrative purposes it is divided into about twenty- 
five districts or counties. 

The Dutch East India Company established a colony at the Cape 
in 1650 for the purpose of raising provisions for their vessels to and 
from India. In 1795 the colonists attempted to free themselves from 
the Dutch rule, but the British government took possession of the 
colony in the name of the prince of Orange ; and it was ruled by 
British governors till 1802, when it was restored to Holland. In 1806 
the British again took possession, and the colony was formally ceded 
to them by the king of the Netherlands at the general peace of 1815. 
There have been several wars with the Caffres. In 1834 the slaves 
were emancipated. The troubles with the Boers resulted in the es- 



80 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

tablishment of two independent republics bordering on Cape Colony. 
(See "Orange River Free State," and "The Transvaal Republic," pages 
38 and 39.) 

Sierra Leone is on the west coast of Africa, consisting mainly of a 
small mountainous peninsula terminating in Cape Sierra Leone, 
'fhe colonial governor, called the chief administrator, is appointed 
by the crown. 

The settlement was formed in 1787 by British philanthropists, with 
the view of providing a suitable home for destitute negroes from dif- 
ferent parts of the world, as well as promoting African civilization. 

Gold Coast is a part of the coast of Upper Guinea, western Africa. 
The Gold Coast colony proper consists of only the fortified stations 
and the strip of coast dominated by them ; but a protectorate is ex- 
ercised by Great Britain over all the tribes (of which the most num- 
erous is that of the Fantees) lying between it and Ashantee. Since 
1850 the colony, previously under the jurisdiction of Sierra Leone, 
has had a government of its own. In 1872 all the Dutch possessions 
on the coast were ceded to Great Britain. The king of Ashantee as- 
serted that the Dutch had paid him tribute, and the refusal of the 
English to continue it led to the Ashantee wax of 1873-'4. 

Natal lies northeast of Cape Colony. In its government the crown 
retains the right to veto colonial legislation, and the public officers 
remain under the control of the home government. The executive 
authority is vested in a lieutenant governor, who is assisted by ex- 
ecutive and legislative councils. 

The country was first actually colonized by a few British subjects 
in 1824. About 1837 the dissatisfied Dutch farmers of Cape Colony 
attempted to establish a republic there ; but the English government 
in 1845 declared its sovereignty to extend over Natal, and took pos- 
session of it. It was subordinate to the government of Cape Colony 
till 1856, when it was made a separate colony. 

St. Helena is an island in the South Atlantic, discovered on St. Hel- 
ena's day, 1502, by a Spanish navigator in the service of the Portu- 
guese, from whom it was taken by the Dutch. From about 1650 to 
1672 it was held alternatelv by the Dutch and the English. It**vas 
Napoleon's place of exile from 1815 till his death, 1821. In 1858 the 
French government bought the house occupied by him at Long- 
wood, and the valley where he was buried. 

Ascension is a high rocky island in the Atlantic, northwest of St. 
Helena. It is occupied by a British force, and serves as a depot and 
watering place for ships. 

Mauritius, or Isle of France is situated in the Indian ocean. The 
island is divided into nine districts. The population is made up of 
various African, Asiatic, and European races. The English element 
is generally confined to officials and a few merchants. The Roman 
Catholic is'the prevailing religion. 

The government is vested in a governor, aided by an executive ' 
council, and a legislative council. 

The Portuguese held the island till 1598, when the Dutch took pos- 
session of it and changed the name to Mauritius, in honor of Maurice 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 81 

of Nassau. They abandoned it in 1712, and in 1715 it was occupied 
by the French, who called it He de France. The British seized the 
island with its dependencies in 1810. 



Algeria is a French colony in northern Africa. The military or- 
ganization, after the extinction of a formidable rebellion (1871), was 
relaxed in the settled districts, under a civil administration and a 
governor-general, but retained in the Sahara and other regions in- 
habited by nomads. The colonial council comprises the prefects, 
the resident archbishop, and the military commander, and governs 
in conjunction with the governor-general. 

The Algerine boundaries were continually extended in the con- 
flicts with neighboring tribes, and unceasing hostilities between the 
Barbary states and the Knights of Malta originated the system of 
piracy which made Algerine corsairs the terror of the Mediterranean. 
The Americans were the first, in 1815, to refuse tribute to the dey, 
which he received from many powers for protection against piracy. 
Piracy was not suppressed until after complications with France 
(1823-'30) had resulted in the establishment of a French military re- 
gency. After the expulsion of the Turkish soldiery, the Arab and 
Kabyle tribes rose against the French under Abd-el-Kader, the mar- 
abouts preaching a holy war. Abd-el-Kader surrendered in 1847* 
Further insurrections continued to harrass the French till 1876. 



Spanish Africa embraces Ceuta, Fernando Po, and the Canary Is- 
lands (in the Atlantic). 

Ceuta is a town and fortress on the north coast of Morocco, on the 
highest part of which stands the citadel, with a garrison of five thou- 
sand men. The town was taken from the Moors by John I. of Port- 
ugal in 1415, and passed to Spain in 1580. 

Fernando Po is an island in the bight of Biafra, on the western 
coast of Africa. The Spaniards use it as a place of banishment for 
criminals. 

Canary Islands (in Atlantic) form a Spanish group and province. 
The Canaries are supposed to be the islands mentioned by the elder 
Pliny, and by Plutarch and Ptolemy, as the Fortunate Islands. They 
were" conquered for Spain in the beginning of the fifteenth century. 
The inhabitants are chiefly Spaniards. The captain-general is the 
official ruler. 

^Portuguese Africa comprises the Cape Verde and the Madeira is- 
lands (in the Atlantic). 

Cape Verde Islands comprise fourteen volcanic islands in the At- 
lantic ocean. The most considerable island is Santiago. They were 

6 



82 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

discovered about 1450 by the Portuguese. The governor resides on 
the island of Santiago. 

Medeira Island is in the Atlantic. The people are of mixed Portu- 
guese, Moorish, and negro descent. 



VIII. IN OCEANIA. 

The Oceanic colonies of Holland are 'Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Cel- 
ebes, Moluccas, and New Guinea. 

Java, a colony of the Netherlands, is an island of the Indian Arch- 
ipelago, and is* wholly possessed by the Dutch, though two native 
kingdoms, comprising not more than one-fourteenth of the island, 
retain a nominal existence. The island is one of the great coffee- 
growing regions of the world. 

When the Netherland government acquired the Dutch East India 
Company's title to its possessions in the East, it appropriated to the 
crown all unoccupied lands, and secured to the descendants of the 
native sovereigns their titular rank and the rights of regents, but 
placed with each a Dutch resident, whose " recommendations" have 
always been obeyed as orders. The governor-general acts as viceroy 
of the Dutch colonies in the East Indies, receiving his directions 
from the Hague. 

The island was made known to Europe at the close of the thir- 
teenth century by Marco Polo. The Dutch first came to Java about 
1595 as traders. After many wars with the native rulers, the princi- 
pal monarch in 1749 conferred the sovereignty of the island upon 
the Dutch. In 1811 the British conquered Java, but in 1816 restored 
it to the Dutch. 

Borneo, an island of the Indian Archipelago, is the largest in the 
world, except Australia and possibly New Guinea. 

The Portuguese visited Borneo early in the sixteenth century, but 
never established themselves firmly there. In 1787 the Dutch, by a 
treaty, gained a foothold there, and their power has since been gen- 
erally paramount. 

Sumatra is also an island in the Indian Archipelago, under the 
equator. About three-fourths of it is subject to the Netherlands, a 
portion directly, and the rest through dependent native rulers. The 
island was visited in 1292 by Marco Polo. In 1824 the Dutch came 
into final possession of the island. 

Celebes is under the equator, east of Borneo. The natives, all of 
whom appear to belong to the Malay race, are in part governed by 
their own kings, but these* are dependent upon the Dutch govern- 
ment, which controls the island. The Dutch established themselves 
in 1660. 

Moluccas, or Spice Islands are a group of the Indian Archipelago, 
also belonging to Holland. Mohammedanism is the prevailing re- 
ligion, and the laws are chiefly founded upon the precepts of the 
Koran. The islands were held by the British for about twenty years, 



GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 83 

when they were restored to the Dutch. They are divided adminis- 
tratively into three residences, with the seat of the governor-general 
at one. 

New Guinea, or Papua, the largest island in the world, except Aus- 
tralia and possibly Borneo, lies directly north of Australia. 

The Dutch alone have colonial possession on the island. Their 
principal station is Dorey, on the northwest peninsula, in which part 
are several missionary posts. The Portuguese discovered the island 
and named it New Guinea. The Dutch occupation of various local- 
ities dates from 1828. 



British Oceania comprises the islands of Australia, Tasmania, and 
New Zealand, in the Indian Archipelago. 

Australia, classed as a continent by most geographers, is the larg- 
est island in rhe world. 

The political divisions of Australia are as follows: New South 
Wales, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and Queens- 
land. The majority of the inhabitants of each colony are of British 
descent, but there are many Chinese and Germans. In several col- 
onies education has been ma e compulsory. 

Australia was discovered by the Dutch in 1606, and was generally 
called New Holland till a recent period. In 1837 transportation of 
criminals thither was abolished and restricted to Tasmania, or Van 
Diemen's Land, where it was continued till 1853. A large part of 
the interior of the island remains comparatively unknown. 

Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land is a British colony of Australasia, 
consisting of the island of the same name and fifty-five small islands, 
mostly in Bass strait. It is conjectured that it was once connected 
with Australia. 

The government consists of a governor and executive council ap- 
pointed by the crown. The legislative power is vested in a parlia- 
ment of two houses, the legislative council and the house of assem- 
bly. 

In 1853 the transportation of convicts ceased, and in 1856 the name 
of the colony was officially changed to Tasmania. 

New Zealand, in the South Pacific ocean, consists of three islands, 
divided into eight provinces. The provinces have distinct govern- 
ments, consisting of a superintendent and provincial council elected 
for four years by a suffrage nearly universal. The government of 
the whole colony is vested in a governor appointed by the crown, 
and in a general assembly consisting of a legislative council nom- 
inated for life by the crown, and a house of representatives elected 
for five years. By the constitution of 1872 the natives were made 
voters and eligible to office, and several have been elected to the 
lower house of the legislature. 



Spanish Oceania embraces the Philippine, Ladrone, and Caroline 
islands. 



84 GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD. 

The Philippine Islands are the most northern group of the Indian 
Archipelago, belonging chiefly to Spain. 

Every township annually elects a deputy governor, who acts aa 
mayor, justice, and magistrate. In important affairs he is depend- 
ent upon the governor of the province, the latter being subordinate 
to the captain-general. 
' Ladrone, or Mariana Islands, in the North Pacific ocean, are a group 
of about twenty islands, belonging to Spain. The Spaniards named 
them the Ladrones from the thievish disposition of the natives. They 
were renamed in 1667 Marianas in honor of the Spanish queen. 

Caroline Islands, or New Philippines, an archipelago of Oceania, be- 
long to Spain, and were named in honor of Charles V. 



New Caledonia, an island of Australasia, belongs to the French 
government, which took possession in 1853, and established on it a 
station for their Pacific squadron and a penal colony. The French 
have been repeatedly at war with the islanders, but hostilities were 
closed in 1857. French missionaries have made several prosperous 
settlements, and cultivate plantations. 



INDEX. 



Abyssinia 52 

Aden 77 

Africa, British 79 

Portuguese 81 

Spanish ....' 81 

Turkish 78 

Afghanistan 69 

Algeria 81 

Anam 52 

Andora, republic of 36 

Antilles, Greater 73 

Lesser 74 

Arabia 67 

Southern 69 

Argentine Confederation 18 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Ascension 80 

Ashantee ~ 54 

Asia, British 76 

Russian 77 

Australia 83 

Austria-Hungary 61 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Bahama Islands 74 

Balearic Isles 75 

Balize, or British Honduras 72 

Barca 79 

Belgium , 40 

Government outline. ■ 

Historical data. 

Beloochistan 69 

Bermudas, the , 74 

(85) 



86 INDEX. 

Bolivia 19 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Borneo 

Brazil 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

British Africa 79 

British Asia 76 

British Burmah 

British Honduras, or Demerara 72 

British India 76 

British Oceania 

Bulgaria 75 

Burmah 

Burmah, British 76 

Cabinet of President United States U 

Canary Islands 81 

Canada, Dominion of 71 

Cape Colony 79 

Cape Verde Islands M 

Caroline Islands 

Celebes 

Ceuta H 

Ceyenne, or French Guiana 72 

Ceylon 77 

Chili 20 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 

China 65 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 

Cochin China, Lower 77 

Colonial Governments 12-13-71 

in North America 12-71 

in South America 12-72 

in Central America 12-72 

in West Indies 12-73 

in Asia 13-76 

in Africa 13-78 

in Europe 12-74 

in Oceania 

Colombia 21 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 

Corsica 75 

Costa Rica .28 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 
Cuba 73 



Dahomy 54 

Demerara 72 

Denmark , 52 

Government outline/ 

Historical data. 

Dominion of Canada 71 

Danish America 71 

Dutch Guiana ,...72 

Ecuador 26 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 

Egypt 78 

Empire defined 8 

Empires of the World 11-57 

of South America 11-57 

of Europe 11-59 

of Asia 11-65 

of Africa 11-68 

Fernando Po 81 

Erance 34 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 
French Guiana, or Ceyenne 72 

Germany 59 

Government outline. / 

Historical data. 

Gibraltar ....74 

Gold Coast 80 

Government defined 7 

Great Britain and Ireland ..44 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Greece 51 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Greenland and Iceland 71 

Guadaloupe 74 

Guatemala 27 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Guiana, British 72 

Dutch 72 

French 72 

Hawaiian Islands 56 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 



Hayti 32 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Hindostan, or India 76 

Holland, or Netherlands 46 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Hollandic Oceania 83 

Honduras 30 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Honduras, British 72 

Hong-Kong, or Hiang-Kiang 77 

Iceland and Greenland 71 

India, or Hindostan 76 

Indo-China 62 

Isle of France, or Mauritius V| » 

Italy 45 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Jamaica 73 

Japan 66 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Java 82 

Kingdom defined 8 

Kingdoms of the World 10-4C 

of Europe ; 10-10 

of Asia 10-52 

of Africa 10-52 

of Oceania 10-56 

Ladrone, or Mariana Islands 84 

Liberia 38 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Lower Cochin-China 77 

Madagascar 53 

Madeira Islands v - 

Malacca 77 

Malta 75 

Mariana, or Ladrone Islands M 

Martinique "4 

Mauritius, or Isle of France SO 

Mexico 1' 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Moluccas, or Spice Islands 82 



INDEX. 89 

Monarchy, kinds 7 

Montenegro 51 

Morocco , •• , 68 

Natal 80 

Netherlands, or Holland 46 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

New Caledonia 84 

New Foundland 72 

New Guinea, or Papua 83 

New Philippine, or Caroline Islands 84 

New Zealand 83 

Nicaragua 31 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Norway and Sweden ,.,..„ 50 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Oceania 13-83 

British 83 

French 84 

Dutch 82 

Spanish 83 

Orange River Free State 38 

Papua, or New Guinea 83 

Paraguay 22 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Peru 23 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Persia 67 

Philippine Islands 84 

Porto Rico. 73 

Portugal 48 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Portuguese Africa 81 

Republic defined 8 

Republics of the World 9-14 

in North America 9-14 

in South America 9-18 

in Central America 9-27 

in West Indies 9-32 

in Europe 9-34 

in Africa 9-38 

Roumania 51 



90 INDEX. 

Russia. 62 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Russia, Asiatic 77 

Sahara, the 69 

Sandwich Islands 56 

San Marino 37 

San Salvador 29 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Santa Cruz 74 

Santo Domingo 33 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Senegambia 70 

Servia 51 

Siam 52 

Sierra Leone 80 

Singapore 77 

Soongaria 78 

Soudan, or Equatorial Africa 70 

Spain 49 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Spanish Africa 81 

Spanish Oceania 83 

Spanish West Indies ....73-74 

Spice Islands, or Moluccas 82 

St. Helena 80 

St. Thomas 71 

Sumatra B2 

Surinam 72 

Sweden and Norway 50 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Switzerland 36 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Tasmania, or Van Dieman's Land 83 

Trans-Caucasia 

Transvaal, the 

Tribal Governments 11-69 

in Asia 11-69 

in Africa 11-69 

Tripoli 79 

Tunis 79 

Turkestan 67 

Turkey-in-Asia 67 



INDEX. 91 

Turkey -in-Europe 64 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Turkish Africa 78 

United States 14 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 
Uruguay 24 

Government outline. 
Historical data. 

Van Dieman's Land, or Tasmania 83 

Venezuela 25 

Government outline. 

Historical data. 

Zanqtjebar 7ff 



l*bo:9 



GOVERNMENTS 

OF 

THE WORLD; 

AN OUTLINE VIEW 

OF THE 

RULING POAVER OF EVERY COUNTRY. 



GIVING A TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE REIGNING PO- 
TENTATES OF GOVERNMENTS, WITH HISTORICAL 
DATA OF THE FORMATION, NATURE, 
AND CONSTITUTIONAL FEAT- 
URES OF EACH. 



W. H. F. HENRY, 

AUTHOR OF THE " NORMAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,' 

"ARITHMETICAL ANALYSES," "MANUAL OF 

PARLIAMENTARY LAW," ETC. 



INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA: 

J. E. SHEKKILL, PUBLISHER 

1884. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



111 

10 029 809 745 A 



I 



